A Critical Cinema 2: Interviews with Independent Filmmakers

MacDonald:

The similarity I see is the idea of animation being primarily about metamorphosis, rather than storytelling.

Breer:

I did what I've always done. I skipped cinema history and started at the beginning. I used very peculiar techniques because I didn't know how to animate. That I would do what Cohl did makes sense. You know Santayana's line about how, if you don't know something, you're doomed to relive it. I'm still working out things that people worked out years ago. My rationale is to not risk being influenced, but in truth it might just be laziness. I think it makes sense to do research. My old man was in charge of research at an engineering firm. The word was part of his title, and he used the word all the time. But I always associated it with the academy and with institutions and didn't want any part of it. I remember seeing a book,

How to Animate,

put out by Kodak I think. The kind of cartooning it was pushing turned me off so badly that I didn't want to learn

anything

they had to offer. I was afraid it would contaminate me.

MacDonald:

In

Form Phases I

you were already doing sophisticated work with figure and ground, and with the way the eye identifies and understands what it sees.

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Breer:

Oh sure. That comes out of my paintings.

Form Phases I

was a painting before it was a film. I used its composition for the film. I moved the shapes around and had them grow and replace each other. I went from making paintings to animating paintings. For me, that was the whole point of making a film.

I was very involved with the abstract, geometric, post-Cubist orthodoxy: a painting is an object and its illusions have to acknowledge its surface as a reality. The tricks you use to do that are Cubist tricks: figure/ground reversals, intersections, overlappings. Of course, [Hans] Richter did all this in 1921 in

Rhythm 21

. I guess it's pretty obvious that I'd seen that film by the time I made

Form Phases IV

. I got to know Richter later in New York, but I remember that film having a big impact. I lifted stuff right out of it.

MacDonald:

How long had you been painting in Paris before you began to make films?

Breer:

I went to Paris in 1949. I started abstract concrete painting in 1950, about six months after I arrived. Until then I had painted everything from sad clowns to landscapes. The first film was finished in 1952.

MacDonald:

In

Fist Fight

there's an image of a gallery with Mondrianesque paintings . . .

Breer:

Those are mine. That was my gallery, though by that time I wasn't rectilinear the way Mondrian is. The Neoplastic movement with [Victor] Vasarely and [Alberto] Magnelli had happened, and I was aware of their new take on constructivism.

MacDonald:

I was going to ask you about Vasarely. There are places in

Form Phases IV

and also in

Image by Images

[1956] and

Motion Pictures

(1956) where one striped design passes over another to create an optical effect that reminds me of Vasarely.

Breer:

My earliest paintings in Paris were influenced by early Vasarelynot by what got to be called "op art," but by his earlier paintings, which were very simple and much less systematic than the later op works. By the time I was making films, I wasn't interested in Vasarely, though maybe there's some residue.

The movement show at Denise René Gallery opened in 1955. And to go along with it, Pontus Hulten was supposed to organize a film show. He's an art historian and until recently was the director of the Beauborg Art Museum in Paris. He did the Machine show at MoMA [The Machine as Seen at the End of the Mechanical Age, 1968]. Pontus got sick, and I picked up the pieces a little bit and helped him. We were drinking buddies in Paris. He was a collaborator on my Pope Pius film [

Un Miracle

], and he used my camera to make an abstract film called

X

. He also made

A Day in Town

[1956], a Dada-surrealist film that ends with a fire engine burning. Anyhow, the two of us made a document of Denise

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René's movement show. Denise bought a couple rolls of film for us, and we used my camera. Later I did the editing. That show was the first time Vasarely showed those grids that would swing in front of one another. Maybe that was the first gallery show of exclusively kinetic art, although, of course, Denise was preceded in general by the futurists. But after the war, kineticism was one of the things she picked up on. [Jean] Tinguely was incorporated into her gallery after his first show.

On a visit home in 195152, I went to an art supply store in downtown Detroit and saw this device"Slidecraft" I think it was called. You could rent a projector and buy a bunch of frosted three-by-three-inch slides and draw on them. I made sequences and projected them singly onto a screen, and then filmed them off the screen, one at a time. That's how I made