A Critical Cinema 2: Interviews with Independent Filmmakers

music. You mentioned earlier the various aspects of the sound track: the silence, the commentary, the environmental sound, vocal and instrumental music. All these elements form the musical dimension of the film, but the relationship between and within the visuals is also rhythmically determined. The way an old woman spins cotton; the way a daughter and her mother move in syncopation while they pound or beat the grain together; the way a group of women chant and dance while plastering the floor of the front court in a house; or the way the different cultures counteract or harmonize with one anotherthese are the everyday rhythms and music of life. In such environments one realizes how much modern society is based on compartmentalizationthe mentality colonialism has spread.

MacDonald:

On the sound track, the statements about Africa are presented in such a way that the deepest voice seems to speak from within the cultures being discussed, the highest voice speaksas you said in the introduction to the text"according to Western logic and mainly quotes Western thinkers," and the medium-range voice (yours) speaks in the first person "and relates personal feelings and observations." But while the speakers vary, their statements often overlap. Were you suggesting that what you hear about any given culture, or within any culture, is a combination of what it says about itself and what it knows is said about it by others?

Trinh:

One can see it that way, certainly. Some viewers have told me, "If you had fictionalized these voices a little bit more (which probably means they want the voices to be more in opposition rather than simply "different"), it would be easier to understand the role of these voices." But I find it informative that a number of people have difficulty hearing the differences between the voices, even though their tonal ranges, their accents, and their discursive modes are so distinct. In the media we consume one, unitary, narrating voice-over. It is not surprising then, that it may take some viewers more than one viewing to hear several voices in their differences. A viewer thought the difficulty comes from the fact that the voices are "disembodied" (meaning that the narrators do not appear on screen), which may be true. But I think there are other factors in-

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volved, because this same viewer may have no difficulty whatsoever listening to a "disembodied" omniscient voice-over on a TV program.

Any person who has had prolonged interactions with country people and villagerswhether from their own culture or from another cultureknows that you have to learn to, speak differently in order to be heard in their context. So if you listen carefully to your own speech in your interactions with them, you recognize that even though you may both speak the same languagethe case is further complicated when you don'tyou speak differently. This sounds like a very banal statement until you find yourself in a situation where you wish to relate what the villagers say, to your audiencein other words, to translate them. Translation, which is interpellated by ideology and can never be objective or neutral, should here be understood in the wider sense of the termas a politics of constructing meaning. Whether you translate one language into another language, whether you narrate in your own words what you have understood from the other person, or whether you use this person directly on screen as a piece of "oral testimony" to serve the direction of your film, you are dealing with cultural translation.

To give an example: a villager may say, while pointing toward the front court of her dwelling: "Calabash, we call it the vault of heaven." The local interpreter may translate: "The calabash is the vault of heaven." But when outsiders to the culture try to translate this to their audience back home, it might come out, "The calabash is like the vault of heaven" or "stands for the vault of heaven." There are all these little devices in language that "explain'' instead of stating "this, this" or "this is this" with no explanation added. When you translate, you automatically rationalize what people say according to the logic and habits of your own language or mode of speaking. This tendency, which seems to me to be particularly naturalized in the media, is dealt with in

Naked Spaces