Barbary

Looking at the world from a rotating vantage point (be it a merry-go-round or a space station) is odd and confusing. So let’s start with a simple concrete example. Suppose that we are on a doughnut space station, about half the size of the big one in 2001, providing living and working space at earth-normal gravity (1 g) for about 150 people. Such a station might take the form of a “wheel” 15 m wide and 160 m in diameter, rotating on its axis so that it makes a full rotation every 18 seconds. Because the floor of the space station rotates through its full circumference in this time, it has a speed (called the tangential velocity because the velocity lies along the tangent of the circle of travel) of 27.9 m/s. A note here on scaling to other sizes: If the station had 4 times this diameter, the rotation period to give 1 g of artificial gravity would be twice as long and the speed of the floor would be twice as large.

Let’s do a simple “Mr. Science” experiment in this space station. Place a phonograph turntable on floor and use it to spin a cake pan filled with water. Let’s use a cake pan 40 cm in diameter and spin it at the 78 RPM setting of the turntable. The outer edges of the spinning cake pan will be moving at a speed of 1.6 m/s with respect to the floor. Therefore, the edge of the cake pan towards one outside wall of the station is traveling at an absolute speed of (27.9+1.6)=29.5 m/s, while the opposite edge of the pan has a speed of (27.9-1.6)=26.3 m/s. The pull of artificial gravity depends on the square of this tangential speed, so the “fast” edge experiences an increased pull of 1.12 g, while the pull on the “slow” edge decreases to 0.89 g. The water in the pan will tend to tilt, climbing higher on the slow edge and dropping lower on the fast edge. A spinning gyroscope would tumble in the same way, making the toy top a poor gift for a space child. And so we see different physical effects in the artificial gravity of a space station than would be found if the same experiments were performed in the “natural” gravity of Earth.

This simple experiment has an interesting implication for the psycho-physiology of human balance. Our equilibrium and our perception of vertical orientation come from the interaction of the fluid in the semicircular canals of our inner ears with the nerve fibers there. The vertigo experienced during and after spinning in an amusement park ride demonstrates what happens when this mechanism is disturbed. Seasickness is another example. Now suppose that you stand looking spinward down the long upward-curving hall along the rim of the space station, and then rapidly turn your head clockwise so that you are looking at the side wall to your right. Your head has made a rotation similar to that of the pan on the turntable. The fluid in your semicircular canals will therefore rise on one side and drop on the other as the water did. The subjective consequence is that you will “see” the floor tilt to the left, with the right side wall “rising” and the left side wall “dropping” momentarily. The amount of perceived floor tilt depends on the ratio of ear-velocity to floor velocity, but for any but the very largest of space stations the tilt sensation will be a quite unmistakable. This effect is likely to be fairly disorienting and may be a source of nausea and vertigo for the “greenhorn” who has just arrived from “natural” gravity. For the experienced space station inhabitant, however, the “floor-tilt effect” will become a useful aid to orientation because it will allows the user to tell whether he is looking “spinward” (in the direction that the floor is moving due to the spin) or “anti-spinward” (against the floor velocity) down the hall.

Head twisting and nodding will also produce other subjective effects. Facing a wall at right angles to the spin direction and doing a similar head twist will make the floor seem to tilt up or down. Nodding or wobbling your head will produce similar effects. Placed in a small closed room, the experienced space station dweller can establish his orientation with respect to the spin of the station with a few twists of his head.

The memorable jogging scene of 2001 when astronaut Frank Poole runs in what we see as a vertical circle brings to mind another effect. The jogger running spinward down a hall along the rim of the station increases his tangential velocity, thereby creating a slight increase in the centrifugal pull he experiences and giving the impression of running uphill. Running anti-spinward will decrease the pull slightly and create the impression of running downhill. The change in pull will depend on the ratio of running speed to floor speed, and the effect would be less in a big station than a small one.