Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity

Coddington, C. L., and A. Cockburn (1995) “The Mating System of Free-Living Emus.” Australian Journal of Zoology 43:365—72.

Codenotti, T. L., and F. Alvarez (1998) “Adoption of Unrelated Young by Greater Rheas.” Journal of Field Ornithology 69:58—65.

———(1997) “Cooperative Breeding Between Males in the Greater Rhea Rhea americana.” Ibis 139:568—71.

*Curry, P. J. (1979) “The Young Emu and Its Family Life in Captivity.” Master’s thesis, University of Melbourne.

Fernández, G. J., and J. C. Reboreda (1998) “Effects of Clutch Size and Timing of Breeding on Reproductive Success of Greater Rheas.” Auk 115:340—48.

*———(1995) “Adjacent Nesting and Egg Stealing Between Males of the Greater Rhea Rhea americana.” Journal of Avian Biology 26:321—24.

Fleay, D. (1936) “Nesting of the Emu.” Emu 35:202—10.

Folch, A. (1992) “Order Struthioniformes.” In J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, eds., Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks, pp. 76—110. Barcelona: Lynx Edici6ns.

*Gaukrodger, D. W. (1925) “The Emu at Home.” Emu 25:53—57.

*Heinroth, O. (1927) “Berichtigung zu ‘Die Begattung des Emus (Dromaeus novae-hollandiae)’ [Correction to ‘Mating Behavior of Emus’].” Ornithologische Monatsberichte 35:117—18.

*———(1924) “Die Begattung des Emus, Dromaeus novae-hollandiae [Mating Behavior of Emus].” Ornithologische Monatsberichte 32:29—30.

*Hiramatsu, H., K. Tasaka, S. Shichiri, and F. Hashizaki (1991) “A Case of Masculinization in a Female Ostrich.” Journal of Japanese Association of Zoological Gardens and Aquariums 33:81—84.

Navarro, J. L., M. B. Martella, and M. B. Cabrera (1998) “Fertility of Greater Rhea Orphan Eggs: Conservation and Management Implications.” Journal of Field Ornithology 69:117—20.

O’Brien, R. M. (1990) “Emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae.” In S. Marchant and P. J. Higgins, eds., Handbook of Australian, New Zealand, and Antarctic Birds, vol. 1, part A, pp. 47—58. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

Raikow, R. J. (1968) “Sexual and Agonistic Behavior of the Common Rhea.” Wilson Bulletin 81:196—206.

*Sauer, E. G. F. (1972) “Aberrant Sexual Behavior in the South African Ostrich.” Auk 89:717—37.

Sauer, E. G. F., and E. M. Sauer (1966) “The Behavior and Ecology of the South African Ostrich.” Living Bird 5:45—75.

HUMBOLDT PENGUIN

IDENTIFICATION: A small penguin (approximately 2 feet tall) with a black band on its chest and patches of red skin at the base of its bill. DISTRIBUTION: Coastal Peru to central Chile. HABITAT: Marine areas; nests on islands or rocky coasts. STUDY AREAS: Emmen Zoo, the Netherlands; Washington Park Zoo, Portland, Oregon.

KING PENGUIN

IDENTIFICATION: A large (3 foot tall) penguin with orange ear patches and a yellow-orange wash on the breast. DISTRIBUTION: Sub-Antarctic seas. HABITAT: Oceans; nests on islands and beaches. STUDY AREA: Edinburgh Zoo, Scotland; subspecies A.p. patagonicus.

GENTOO PENGUIN

IDENTIFICATION: A medium-sized penguin (up to 21/2 feet) with a white patch above the eye. DISTRIBUTION: Circumpolar in Southern Hemisphere. HABITAT: Oceans; nests on islands and coasts. STUDY AREAS: South Georgia, Falkland Islands; Edinburgh Zoo, Scotland; subspecies P.p. papua.

Social Organization

Humboldt Penguins form mated pairs during the breeding season and nest in small colonies; they travel and feed at sea in social groups of 10—60 birds. King Penguins are highly gregarious, breeding in enormous colonies—some numbering 300,000 pairs—and generally form monogamous pair-bonds. Gentoo Penguins have a similar social system, although their nesting colonies are not as large.

Description