Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity

Savanna Baboon (Marais 1922/1969); Red Deer (Darling 1937); Common Garter Snake (Mason and Crews 1985).

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Greylag Goose (Lorenz 1979, 1991; Huber and Martys 1993; Schonfeld 1985); Black Swan (Braithwaite 1981).

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For example, Japanese Macaques, Savanna Baboons, Kob, Mute Swans, Black-winged Stilts, Caspian Terns, Black-billed Magpies.

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Greylag Goose (Huber and Martys 1993); Black Swan (Braithwaite 1981); Flamingo (King 1994, 1993a,b; E. Stevens, personal communication); Orange-fronted Parakeet (Hardy 1963:187, 1965:150); Laughing Gull (Noble and Wurm 1943:205; Hand 1981:138-39); Rose-ringed Parakeet (Goodwin 1983:87); Nilgiri Langur (Hohmann 1989:452); Lion (Cooper 1942:27-28); Rhesus Macaque (Fairbanks et al. 1977:247); Japanese Macaque (Vasey 1998); Common Chimpanzee (de Waal 1982:64-66); Livingstone’s Fruit Bat (Courts 1996:27); Savanna Baboon (Marais 1922/1969:205-6). Homosexual pairs in the domesticated Bengalese Finch also attack other birds (Masatomi 1959). Additionally, in a number of mammals (e.g., Common Chimpanzees, Bonnet Macaques, Savanna Baboons, Bottlenose and Atlantic Spotted Dolphins, Cheetahs), paired “coalitions” or “alliances” of males that “solidify” their partnership through overt or ritualized sexual, affectionate, and bonding behaviors often cooperate in challenging and attacking other individuals; a similar phenomenon ocurs in homosexually bonded female Oystercatchers that are part of bisexual trios.

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Brown Capuchin (Linn et al. 1995:50); Rufous Rat Kangaroo (Ganslosser and Fuchs 1988:311); Sage Grouse (Patterson 1952:155-56); Gorilla (Harcourt et al. 1981:276; Fisher and Nadler 1978:660-61); Bonobo (de Waal 1997:114, 130); Canada Goose (Allen 1934:197—98); Wapiti (Franklin and Lieb 1979:188-89); Japanese Macaque (Vasey 1998); Rhesus Macaque (Akers and Conaway 1979:76); Jackdaw (Röell 1979:124-25). In Greenshanks, the female partner of a male involved in homosexual copulation made a threatening call during a same-sex interaction but did not interfere (Nethersole-Thompson 1951:109—10).

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White-tailed Deer (Thomas et al. 1965). Another possible example of transgendered animals being harassed is found in the paketi (a New Zealand fish), in which Ayling (1982:255) claims that transvestite fish are attacked (“beat up”) when their true sex is discovered; however, Jones (1980), the original source on which this account is based, does not in fact mention such behavior (Ayling, T. [1982] Sea Fishes of New Zealand [Auckland: Collins]; Jones, G. P. [1980] “Growth and Reproduction in the Protogynous Hermaphrodite Pseudolabrus celidotus [Pisces: Labridae] in New Zealand,” Copeia 1980:660—75).

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Manakadan, R. (1991) “A Flock of One-Legged Greenshanks Tringa nebularia,” Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 88:452.

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Ring-billed Gull (Kovacs and Ryder 1983; Fetterolf et al. 1984); Japanese Macaque (Wolfe 1986:272; Gouzoules and Goy 1983:41); Greylag Goose (Huber and Martys 1993:161-62); Mallard Duck (Schutz 1965). Heg and van Treuren (1998:689) also found that bisexual trios of Oystercatchers are just as common on optimal as suboptimal territories.

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Weinrich, Sexual Landscapes, p. 308.

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Bonobo (de Waal 1997:107); Bottlenose Dolphin (Wells et al. 1987:294); Orang-utan (Galdikas 1981:285, 297, 1995:172; Kaplan and Rogers 1994:82).

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