Blowback, Second Edition: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire

17. Tim Golden, “C.I.A. Says It Knew of Honduran Abuses,” New York Times, October 24, 1998. See also James Risen, “C.I.A. Said to Ignore Charges of Contra Drug Dealing in ‘80’s,” New York Times, October 10, 1998; National Security Archive, “Secret CIA Report Admits ‘Honduran Military Committed Hundreds of Human Rights Abuses’ and ‘Inaccurate’ Reporting to Congress,” on-line at http://www.seas.gwu.edu/nsarchive; and Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting, “Snow Job: The Establishment’s Papers Do Damage Control for the CIA,” Extra! January–February 1997, on-line at http://www.fair.org/extra/9701/contra-crack.html.

18. Barbara Conry, “The Futility of U.S. Intervention in Regional Conflicts,” Policy Analysis (Cato Institute), no. 209 (May 19, 1994), p. 7. Also see Barbara Conry, “U.S. ‘Global Leadership’: A Euphemism for World Policeman,” Policy Analysis, no. 267, February 5, 1997.

19. Ronald Steel, Pax Americana (New York: Viking, 1967), p. 13.

20. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (London: Unwin Hyman, 1988), pp. 514–15.

21. Giovanni Arrighi and Beverly Silver, Chaos and Governance in the Modern World System (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), pp. 288–89.

2: Okinawa: Asia’s Last Colony

  1. Los Angeles Times, December 28, 1995.

  2. Robert Burns, Associated Press, San Diego Union-Tribune, November 18, 1995.

  3. Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex Among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S. Korea Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), p. 7.

  4. New York Times, November 2, 1995.

  5. Letter to the San Diego Union-Tribune, July 20, 1996.

  6. Los Angeles Times, December 2, 1996.

  7. “Proposal for a New Okinawa—the Voice of Women,” Ryukyuanist (The International Society for Ryukyuan Studies), Newsletter no. 37, Summer 1997, p. 2.

  8. New York Times, editorial, October 29, 1995.

  9. Time, November 29, 1949; and Nicholas E. Sarantakes, “Keystone: The American Occupation of Okinawa and U.S.-Japanese Relations, 1945–1972,” unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern California.

10. Japan Times, December 8, 1995.

11. Nikkei Weekly, October 9, 1995.

12. The full report by Russell Carollo, Jeff Nesmith, and Carol Hernandez is available from Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc., 138 Neff Annex, Missouri School of Journalism, Columbia, MO 65211; $19.65, 64 pp.

13. Nation, July 1, 1996.

14. Los Angeles Times, October 8, 1995.

15. Newsweek, October 14, 1996.

16. Okinawa Times, March 9, 1996.

17. Japan Times, April 21, 1996.

18. Newsweek, October 14, 1996.

19. Washington Post, December 8, 1995.

20. Okinawa Times, April 27, 1998.

21. General Accounting Office, Overseas Presence: Issues Involved in Reducing the Impact of the U.S. Military Presence on Okinawa: Report to the Honorable Duncan Hunter, House of Representatives (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, March 1998), p. 47.

22. See, e.g., Bill Mesler, “Pentagon Poison: The Great Radioactive Ammo Cover-up,” Nation, May 26, 1997.

23. Bill Gertz, “U.S. Slow to Inform Japan of Accident; Hundreds of Radioactive Bullets Were Fired in Training Exercise Near Okinawa,” Washington Times, February 10, 1997.

24. Mainichi Shimbun, June 25, 1997.

25. “The Okinawan Charade,” Japan Policy Research Institute Working Paper, no. 28, January 1997.

26. Nikkei Weekly, May 5, 1997.

27. Ryukyu Shimpo, December 22, 1995, evening edition.

28. Kozy K. Amemiya, “The Bolivian Connection: U.S. Bases and Okinawan Emigration,” Japan Policy Research Institute Working Paper, no. 25, October 1996; Asia Times, October 21, 22, 1996.

29. Los Angeles Times, October 26, 1995.

30. Aera (Tokyo), October 9, 1995; Asahi Evening News, May 6, 1997; Asahi Shimbun, May 17, 1997; Japan Press Weekly, no. 2040, May 24, 1997, p. 7; and Nikkei Weekly, August 11, 1997.

31. Pacific Stars and Stripes, July 23, 1998.

32. Asahi Evening News, June 28, 1998.

33. New York Times, April 2, 1994.

34. Morihiro Hosokawa, “Are U.S. Troops in Japan Needed?” Foreign Affairs 77.4 (July–August 1998), pp. 2–6.