Britannica Guide to Russia

Social participation. Eligible voters participating in last national election (2003); 55.7%. Trade union membership in total workforce (2003): c. 45%⁵. Social deviance. Offence rate per 100,000 population (2006) for: murder and attempted murder 19.4; rape and attempted rape 6.3; serious injury 36.2; theft I,ISO.4. Incidence per 100,000 popuiation of: alcoholism (1992) 1,727.5; substance abuse (2000) 25.6; suicide (2006) 30.0. Material well-being (2002): durable goods possessed per 100 households: automobiles 27; persona! computers 7; television receivers 126; refrigerators and freezers I 13; washing machines 93; VCRs 50; motorcycles 26; bicycles 71.

National economy

Public debt (external, outstanding; 2005): US$75,359,000,000.

Budget (2006). Revenue: RUB 6,276,300,000,000 (VAT 24.1%; taxes on natural resources 17.8%; corporate taxes 8.1%; single social tax 5.0%). Expenditures: RUB 4,281,300,000,000 (transfers 21.4%; defence 15.9%; social and cultural services 14.4%; law enforcement 12.9%; debt service 3.9%).

Gross national income (2006): US$956,557,000,000 {US$6,679 per capita).

Production (in metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2006): wheat 45,006,300, potatoes 38,572,640, sugar beets 30,861,230, barley 18,153,550. sunflower seeds 6,752,860, oats 4,880,270, cabbages 4,073,240, corn (maize) 3,668,560, rye 2,965,060, tomatoes 2,414,860, carrots and turnips 1,918,370, onions 1.788.750, apples 1,617,000, cucumbers 1,423,210, peas 1,157,640; livestock (number of live animals) 21,473,926 cattle, 16,074,449 sheep, 13,454,876 pigs; roundwood {2005) 186.500,000 cu m, of which fuelwood 25%; fisheries production (2005) 3,305,698 {from aquaculture 3%); aquatic plants production {2005) 50,507 {from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying {2005): nickel 315,ООО⁶ [world rank: I]; mica 101,500 [world rank: I]; platinum-group metals 123,000 [world rank: 2]; gem diamonds 21,400,000 carats [world rank: 2]; industrial diamonds 10,400,000 carats [world rank: 3]; vanadium 9,000⁶ [world rank: 3]; iron ore {2004) 56,200,ООО⁶ [world rank: 5]; cobalt 5,000⁶ [world rank: 5]; copper ore 675,000⁶ [world rank: 6]; gold 165,000 kg [world rank: 6]; tin 3,000⁶ [world rank: 7]; molybdenum 3,000⁶ [world rank: 7]. Manufacturing {value added in US$'000,000; 2004): refined petroleum products 14,329; iron and steel 11,801; food products 8,933; chemicals and chemical products 7,709; nonferrous base metals 7,600; beverages 4,446; transportation equipment 4,255; general purpose machinery 3,369; cement, bricks, and ceramics 3,266;

fabricated metai products 1,949; wood products {excluding furniture) 1,922; printing and publishing 1,648; paper products 1,508; textiles and wearing apparel 1,374; rubber products 1,359; electrical equipment 1,165; tobacco products 1,055. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kWhr; 20064)7) 989,017,000,000 ([2005] 940,000,000,000); hard coal {metric tons; 2006-07) 237,700,000 ([2004] 144,978,000); lignite (metric tons; 2006-07) 70,300,000 {[2004] 75,460,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2006-07) 3,482,900,000 ([2005] 1,022,000,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2004) 175,486,000 (94,312,000); natural gas {cu m; 2006-07) 865,524,000,000 {[2005] 402,100,000,000). Population economically active (2006): total 74,146,000; activity rate of total population 52.0% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 73.0%; female 49.4%; unemployed 7.2%). Land use as % of total land area (2003): in temporary crops 7.5%, in permanent crops 0.1%, in pasture 5.6%; overall forest area (2005) 47.9%.

Household income and expenditure: average household size (2004): 2.8; income per household: RUB 52,400 (US$1,692); sources of monetary income (2006): wages 66.4%⁷, transfers I 3.2%, self-employment I 1.2%, property income 7.2%, other 2.0%; expenditure (2002): food 41.7%, clothing 13.3%, housing 6.2%, furniture and household appliances 5.7%, alcohol and tobacco 3,2%, transportation 2,7%. Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$'000,000) tourism (2005) 5,466; remittances (2006) 3,308; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2001-05 average) 8,842. Disbursements for (US$'000,000): tourism (2005)

17,804; remittances (2006) 11,438; FDI {2001-05 average) 8,541.

Foreign trade⁸

Imports (2006): US$137,548,000,000 (machinery, apparatus, and transportation equipment 47.7%; chemicals and chemical products 15,8%; food, beverages, and tobacco 15.7%; nonferrous metals and iron and steel 7.7%). Major import sources (2006): Germany 13.4%; China 9.4%; Ukraine 6.7%; japan 5.7%; Belarus 5.0%; USA 4.7%; France 4.3%; Italy 4.2%; Kazakhstan 2.8%. Exports (2006): US$301,976,000,000 (fuels and lubricants 65.9%; nonferrous metals and iron and steel 16.4%; machinery, apparatus, and transportation equipment 5.8%; chemicals and chemical products 5,6%; wood and paper products 3.1%).