Britannica Student Encyclopedia - 2010

of film. To make the images move

smoothly, 24 frames are needed for every

second of film.

Filmmakers can also create animation

with figures made of clay or other materials.

Instead of drawing thousands of

images, they take many photographs of

figures set up in a scene. They move the

figures slightly between each photograph.

This technique is called stopmotion

animation.

Computer Animation

Computers have made animation a

faster process. They can produce the

To create an animation an artist draws the

same character many times. In each drawing

the character has changed position

slightly.

Artists used computers to make

the animated movie Toy Story in

1995.

130 Animation BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA

 

thousands of pictures needed for an animated

film more quickly than human

artists. Artists can also use computers to

create characters, objects, and backgrounds

that look more real than drawings

do. Today computers are used in

almost all animation.

Computer animation can be used to

make a whole movie or to create special

effects in live-action films. Many spacecraft,

robots, and monsters in movies are

actually computer images.

Computer animation can be used for

more than just entertainment. Scientists

use computer animation to show things

that people cannot easily see in real life.

Such things include the movement of

the solar system, weather patterns, and

the inside of the human body.

History

In the 1800s people invented spinning

machines that made a series of drawings

appear to move. The first animated films

appeared in the early 1900s. Walt Disney

made the first animated film with

sound, SteamboatWillie, in 1928. In

1937 Disney made Snow White and the

Seven Dwarfs. It was the first full-length

animated film to be released as a major

motion picture in the United States.

Animated television shows appeared in

the United States in the 1950s. Toy

Story, from 1995, was the first long film

made completely with computer animation.

..More to explore

Cartoon • Disney,Walt • Movie

• Television

Ankara

Population

(2007 census)

3,763,591

Ankara is the capital of the country of

Turkey. The city is located in the part of

Turkey that lies in southwestern Asia,

called Asia Minor. Ankara is Turkey’s

second largest city, after Istanbul.

Ankara is one of Turkey’s main industrial

centers. Its factories produce wine

and beer, processed foods, decorative

flooring, construction materials, and

tractors. Tourism and other service

industries have expanded rapidly in the

city.

People have lived in the Ankara area for

many thousands of years. In 334 BC

Alexander the Great conquered Ankara.

The city later became part of the Roman

Empire and then the Byzantine Empire.

Mustafa Kemal is buried in a mausoleum,

or tomb, in Ankara.

BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Ankara 131

 

Ankara was part of the Ottoman Empire

from the 1400s to the early 1900s. In

1919 the Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal

set up a rival government in Ankara. He

wanted Turkey to become its own country.

Turkey became an independent

republic in 1923, and Ankara became its

capital.

..More to explore

Asia Minor • Istanbul • Turkey

Annapolis

Population

(2000 census)

35,838; (2007

estimate)

36,603

Annapolis is the capital of the state of

Maryland. The city lies along the Severn

River at its mouth on Chesapeake Bay.

Annapolis has a port on the bay, which

leads to the Atlantic Ocean.

Many people in Annapolis work for the

state government. The United States

Naval Academy in Annapolis trains

officers for the Navy and Marine Corps.

The city’s leading industries are crab and

oyster fishing, seafood processing, and

boatbuilding.

The city was founded in 1649. It was

originally called Providence. The city

became the capital of Maryland in 1694.

The following year the city was renamed

Annapolis.

In the 1700s Annapolis was an important

center of social and political life in

the American Colonies. It served as the

capital of the United States from 1783

to 1784. Many historic buildings from

the 1700s can still be seen in Annapolis

today.

Saint Mary’s Church was built between 1858 and 1860. It is located on Spa Creek in

Annapolis’ historic district.

132 Annapolis BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA

 

Ant

Ants are social insects. This means that

they live together in organized communities

called colonies. There are more

than 10,000 different species, or kinds,

of ant. Ants are found almost everywhere

in the world, but they are most

common in hot areas.

Ants range in size from 0.08 inch to 1

inch (2 to 25 millimeters). They are

usually yellow, brown, red, or black. The

body of an ant is divided into three sections:

the head, the thorax (midsection),

and the abdomen. The head is large, and

the abdomen is slender and oval. The

thorax is connected to the abdomen by a

small waist. Two antennas are located on

the top of the head. Ants use their

antennas for guidance, smell, and communication.

Most types of ant live in nests that they

make from many different materials,

including soil, sand, wood, and leaves.

Some ants build anthills.Within each

nest there is usually a queen, workers,

and soldiers. The queen spends her life

laying eggs. The workers are females