Catherine the Great & Potemkin: The Imperial Love Affair

The Age of Reason had undermined Religion, but there was a natural yearning for spirituality to fill the void. This was one reason for the fashion for Freemasonry, manifested in both rationalist and occult varieties. The latter spread rapidly in all its esoteric diversity – hypnotism, necromancy, alchemy, Kabbalism, preached in cults such as Martinism, Illuminism, Rosicrucianism and Swedenborgism. These ideas were propagated through Masonic lodges and by a remarkable series of healers and charlatans. Some like Swedenborg, Mesmer and Lavater were magi whose knowledge of human nature, if not healing powers, helped people in an era when doctors and scientists could explain little.²⁹ Many were just charlatans like the lover Casanova and the notorious George Psalmanazar, travelling Europe deceiving innocent noblemen with their tales of the Philosopher’s Stone and the Fountain of Youth. They always presented themselves as exotically titled men of wealth, taste and mystery. Each offered an enticing mixture of common sense, practical medical advice, promises of eternal youth, guides to the after-life – and the ability to convert base metals, and even urine, into gold.

Their doyen, the so-called Comte de Saint-Germain, who claimed to be almost two thousand years old and to have witnessed the Crucifixion in his youth (his valet remembered it too), impressed Louis XV by creating, out of ether, a diamond worth 10,000 livres. A substantial chunk of Europe’s aristocracy at this time was somehow involved in these cults of Freemasonry.

Cagliostro had dazzled Mittau, capital of Courland, but he then had to leave swiftly. Now he hoped to reproduce his success in Petersburg. As Catherine told Grimm, the hierophant ‘came at a good moment for him when several Masonic lodges wanted to see spirits…’. The ‘master sorcerer’ duly provided as many as required, along with all sorts of tricks involving disappearing money, sales of mysterious potions and ‘chemical operations that don’t work’. She especially laughed at his claim to be able to create gold out of urine and offer eternal life.

Nonetheless Cagliostro conducted healings and won a distinguished following for his Egyptian Masonic rite. Corberon and courtiers like Ivan Yelagin and Count Alexander Stroganov ardently subscribed to the necromancer’s powers. Many Russian nobles joined Masonic lodges. Some gradually evolved into something like an anti-Catherinian opposition, which explained her deep suspicion of Freemasonry.

Potemkin attended some of Cagliostro’s seances but never believed in them, remaining one of the few senior courtiers who did not become a Mason. He and Catherine thoroughly enjoyed joking about Cagliostro’s tricks.³⁰ Potemkin’s real interest was in Countess Cagliostro. Serenissimus is said to have enjoyed an affair with the hierophant’s wife, born Lorenza, renamed Serafina and sometimes calling herself Princess di Santa Croce. This may have damaged Cagliostro more than he realized. Catherine teased Potemkin about the time he spent at their house: perhaps he should learn to keep Cagliostro’s spirits in check…Did she mean the ersatz Princess–Countess?³¹

So often did he call on Cagliostro’s luxurious, indebted establishment that, according to legend, one of Potemkin’s highborn Russian mistresses decided to bribe the adventuress to give him up. In one of those poignant, almost respectful meetings between noblewoman and courtesan, the former paid Serafina 30,000 roubles, quite a sum, to leave. Potemkin was flattered. He told Cagliostro’s girl that she could stay, let her keep the money – and paid back the full amount to the noblewoman. Some silly legends³² claim that the ‘noblewoman’ was the Empress herself.

Debts and truth had a way of catching up with such characters, even in that louche century. Soon afterwards, the Spanish Ambassador complained that Cagliostro was neither grandee of Spain nor colonel. Catherine cheerfully told Grimm that the sorcerer and his ‘Countess’ had been thrown out of Russia.^*8

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When Panin summoned Harris in early February 1780 to read him a rejection of the British proposals for an alliance, Sir James rushed over to Potemkin to learn the reasons. Potemkin clearly (for once) stated that Catherine’s fear of ‘embarking on a fresh war was stronger even than her thirst for glory’. Harris did not seem to hear. Potemkin explained that the new favourite, Lanskoy, was desperately ill, which had ‘unhinged’ the Empress. Sir James believed him when he claimed: ‘My influence is temporarily suspended.’ Harris criticized these ‘timid resolutions’, at which ‘The Prince caught fire’ and boasted that before he slept he ‘would have a trial of skill whether there was in the empire any influence more powerful than his’. Harris was most encouraged, but typically Potemkin became ill and did not receive him again for weeks.