Catherine the Great & Potemkin: The Imperial Love Affair

34 On Chechen religion: author’s visit to Grozny, Chechnya 1994. Marie Bennigsen Broxup (ed) The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance towards the Moslem World: see ‘Circassian Resistance to Russia’ by Paul B. Henze p 75. Baddeley pp 40–50. Russkiy Biographicheskiy Slovar vol 14 on Count P. S. Potemkin. When GAP ordered Colonel Pieri to use the Astrakhan Regiment to eliminate Mansour, Pieri and 600 of his men were ambushed and slaughtered. See also Ségur on the Chechens and the Caucasian war in his Mémoires (1826) vol 2.

35 Anspach, Journey p 155, 9 March 1786, Kherson. Miranda p 247, 27 January 1787.

36 Author’s visits to Crimea, St Petersburg and Dniepropetrovsk 1998. J. C. Loudon (ed), Encyclopaedia of Gardening p 52. RGADA 11.950.5.234, William Gould to GAP, unpublished. Dornberg p 69.

37 Author’s visit to Karasubazaar/Alupka in Crimea 1998. Anna Abramova Galichenka, Alupka Museum. Miranda p 234, 9 January 1787.

38 Kruchkov p 164. Author’s visit to Nikolaev 1998. RGVIA 52.2.2.22–33, GAP to Starov 26 May 1790.

39 PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers, Foreign, cyphers SP106/67, Fawkener to Grenville 18 June 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

40 The first population figures are from Kabuzan p 164. The second are from Druzhinina, pp 150–5, 160–5, and 200. Druzhinina is the most authoritative historian of Potemkin’s southern settlements. The quotation is from McNeill p 200. McNeill also quotes Kabuzan’s statistics.

41 Ségur, Memoirs 1859 vol 2 p 43.

42 McNeill p 202.

43 ITUAK (1919) no 56 pp 127–30. G. Vernadsky, Prince G. A. Potemkin’s poetry dedicated to the foundations of Ekaterinoslav.

CHAPTER 20: ANGLOMANIA: THE BENTHAMS IN RUSSIA AND THE EMPEROR OF GARDENS

1 Jeremy Bentham, Collected Works ed Sir J. Bowring vol 10 p 171, George Wilson to JB 26 February 1787.

2 I. R. Christie, The Benthams in Russia pp 1–10.

3 BM 33558 f3, SB to? 1 August 1780. M. S. Bentham pp 67–8. Some of these documents from the Bentham archive in the British Museum are fully or partly unpublished, though others or sections of them appear in one or more of the Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, Sir Samuel Bentham’s biography (by his widow), and the outstanding articles and books by I. R. Christie, such as his work The Benthams in Russia. Therefore, though this author has returned to the original papers in the BM, only the Bentham documents found in the Russian archives, RGADA or RGVIA, are labelled unpublished. This account owes much to I. R. Christie.

4 BM 33555 f65, SB to JB 7 January 1783.

5 BM 33539 f60, S. Pleshichev to JB 21 June 1780.

6 BM 33539 ff289–94, SB to JB 16 June 1782, Irkutsk.

7 BM 33539 f39, SB to JB? 8 April 1780.

8 BM 33564 f31, SB’s diary 1783–4.

9 BM 33558 f100, SB to Jeremiah Bentham 1 June 1783; f77, SB to JB ud; ff 102–4, SB to Field-Marshal Prince A. M. Golitsyn 23 March 1783; ff 108–9, SB to Countess Sophia Matushkina and, f 114, she to him 2/13 May 1783. BM 33540 f7, SB to JB? 20 January 1784.

10 BM 33540 f6, SB to JB 20 January 1784; ff 17–18, SB to JB 22 January OS 1784. BM 33540 f 7–12, SB to JB 20/31 January–2 February 1784 and 6/17–9/20 March 1784.

11 BM 33564 f30, SB’s undated diary, March 1784.

12 Jeremy Bentham, Correspondence p 279, SB to JB 10/21 June–20 June/1 July 1784.

13 BM 33540 f88, SB to? 18 July 1784. M. S. Bentham pp 74–7, SB to Jeremiah Bentham 18 July 1784.

14 Christie, Benthams in Russia pp 122–6. Druzhinina, Severnoye prichernomorye p 148.

15 BM 33540 ff 87–9, SB to Jeremiah Bentham? 18 July 1784, Krichev.

16 CO/R/3/93 Cornwall Archives, Antony, Reginald Pole Carew 4/15 June 1781. CO/R/3/10.1, Pole Carew’s plans for GAP’s estates on the Dnieper, including the island of Chartyz, where he wanted to build some sort of town or settlement, are in GAP’s archives: RGADA 11.900.3/4/5, Pole Carew to GAP 30 March 1782 and 13/24 August 1781. All of these, in Russia and Cornwall, are unpublished. Pole Carew’s experiences in Russia are fascinating and ought to be published.

17 BM 33540 ff87–9, SB to Jeremiah Bentham 18 July 1784, Krichev.

18 M. S. Bentham p 77, SB to Jeremiah Bentham 18 July 1784.

19 Christie, Benthams in Russia pp 127–8. BM 33540 f216, SB to JB.

20 BM 33558 f383, A. Beaty to Thomas Watton. 18 February/1 March 1786.

21 BM 33540 f99, SB to JB 26 August–6 September 1784.

22 BM 33540 f108, GAP to SB 17 August 1784, Tsarskoe Selo.

23 BM 33540 f108, GAP to SB 10 September 1784, St Petersburg.

24 RGADA 11.946.183, SB to GAP 3 March 1786.

25 BM 33540 f237, SB to Jeremiah Bentham 6 January 1786.

26 BM 33540 ff 380–2, JB to Jeremiah Bentham 2/14 June 1787.

27 BM 33540 ff87–9, SB to Jeremiah Bentham? 18 July 1784, Krichev.

28 BM 33540, GAP to SB 10 September 1785, St Petersburg.

29 M. S. Bentham p 79.