История Земмельвейса: Sherwin Nuland, The Doctors’ Plague: Germs, Childbed Fever, and the Strange Story of Ignác Semmelweis (New York: Norton, 2004). См. также Rebecca Davis, “The Doctor Who Championed Hand-Washing and Briefly Saved Lives,” NPR Morning Edition, January 12, 2015, расшифровка и аудиозапись: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/01/12/375663920/the-doctor-who-championed-hand-washing-and-saved-women-s-lives?t=1577014322310.
Луи Пастер: Louise E. Robbins, Louis Pasteur and the Hidden World of Microbes (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001)
Джозеф Листер: Lindsey Fitzharris, The Butchering Art: Joseph Lister’s Quest to Transform the Grisly World of Victorian Medicine (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017).
Полушария мозга и эксперимент c колой: Michael S. Gazzaniga, The Ethical Brain (New York: Dana Press, 2005).
Объяснения и каузальность: Joseph J. Williams and Tania Lombrozo, “The Role of Explanation in Discovery and Generalization: Evidence from Category Learning,” Cognitive Science 34, no. 5 (July 2010): 776–806.
Работа Ломброзо: Мы выражаем Ломброзо нашу благодарность за помощь в описании ее работы. См. также Reginald Lahens, “Tania Lombrozo Shares the Benefits of Brief Explanations,” Brown and White, September 30, 2018, https://thebrownandwhite.com/2018/09/30/tania-lombrozo-breaks-down-the-benefits-of-brief-explanations-the-brown-and-white. Ломброзо не первая и не единственная ученая, занимающаяся ролью объяснения в процессе обучения. См. Michelene T. H. Chi et al., “Eliciting Self-Explanations Improves Understanding,” Cognitive Science 18, no. 3 (1994): 439–477.
Эксперимент с вознаграждением: Koichi Ono, “Superstitious Behavior in Humans,” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 47, no. 3 (May 1987): 261–71.
История поездов и страхи: Christian Wolmar, “How Railways Changed Britain,” Christian Wolmar, October 29, 2007, https://www.christianwolmar.co.uk/2007/10/how-railways-changed-britain.
Постоянный пересмотр известного: Samuel Arbesman, The Half-Life of Facts: Why Everything We Know Has an Expiration Date (New York: Current, 2012).
Перл о каузальности: Judea Pearl and Dana Mackenzie, The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect (New York: Basic Books, 2018), 5. Мы выражаем благодарность Перлу за то, что в течение нескольких лет он делился своими мыслями с Кеннетом Кукьером.
Сумма приза в Dota 2: Arda Ocal, “Dota 2’s the International Surpasses $40 Million in Prize Money,” ESPN, October 9, 2020, https://www.espn.com/esports/story/_/id/30079945/dota-2-international-surpasses-40-million-prize-money.
ИИ одерживает победу в Dota 2: Nick Statt, “OpenAI’s Dota 2 AI Steamrolls World Champion e-Sports Team with Back-to-Back Victories,” The Verge, April 13, 2019, https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/13/18309459/openai-five-dota-2-finals-ai-bot-competition-og-e-sports-the-international-champion.
Научная статья OpenAI о Dota 2: Christopher Berner et al., “Dota 2 with Large Scale Deep Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI, 2019, https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.06680. Подробнее на эту тему см. Ng Wai Foong, “Beginner’s Guide to OpenAI Five at Dota2,” Medium, May 7, 2019, https://medium.com/@ngwaifoong92/beginners-guide-to-openai-five-at-dota2-3b49ee5169b8; Evan Pu, “Understanding OpenAI Five,” Medium, August 12, 2018, https://medium.com/@evanthebouncy/understanding-openai-five-16f8d177a957.
Гиперпараметр «командный дух» OpenAI: Christy Dennison et al., “OpenAI Five,” OpenAI, June 25, 2018, https://openai.com/blog/openai-five.
«Нельзя ничто ни с чем связать»: T. S. Eliot, The Waste Land (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1922).
Статья Юнис Фут: Eunice Foote, “Circumstances Affecting the Heat of the Sun’s Rays,” American Journal of Science and Arts 2 2, no. 66 (November 1856): 382–83, https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753002152491#page/382/mode/2up.