Эффект микробиома. Как способ рождения ребенка влияет на его будущее здоровье

24 Bazian (2015), ‘Antibiotic use in farm animals “threatens human health”’, NHS Choices, www.nhs.uk/news/2015/12December/Pages/Antibiotic-use- in-farm-animals-threatens-human-health.aspx

25 Soil Association, ‘Overuse of antiobiotics in farming’, www.soilassociation. org/antibiotics/overuseofantibioticsinfarming

26 Microbiology Online, ‘Antiobiotics’, www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/ about-microbiology/microbes-and-the-human-body/antibiotics

27 Some people believe that penicillin was actually first discovered by a physician called John Tyndall in 1875; http://itech.dickinson.edu/chemistry/?p=107

28 American Chemical Society, International Historic Chemical Landmarks. ‘Discovery and development of penicillin’, www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin.html

29 ‘The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945, The Official Web Site of the Nobel Prize, www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/ laureates/1945

30 Turner, M. (2014), ‘Antibiotic resistance: 6 diseases that may come back to haunt us’, The Guardian, 9 May, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/may/09/6-diseases-becoming-resistant-to-antibiotics

31 World Health Organization (2014), ‘Antimicrobial resistance global report on surveillance 2014’, www.who.int/drugresistance/documents/surveillancereport/en/

32 NHS Choices (2016), Vaginal thrush’, www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Thrush/Pages/Causes.aspx

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33 Park, A. (2015), ‘Babies in the womb aren’t so sterile after all’, TIME, 28 December, time.com/4159249/baby-microbiome-womb

34 Stout, M.J., Conlon, B., Landeau, M., Lee, I., Bower, C., Qiuhong, A., et al. (2013), ‘Identification of intracellular bacteria in the basal plate of the human placenta in term and preterm gestations’, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol. 208(3); 226, e221–e227, www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740162

35 Aagaard, K., Ma, J., Antony, K.M., Ganu, R., Petrosino, J., and Versalovic, J. (2014), ‘The placenta harbors a unique microbiome’. Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 6(237): 237ra65, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/24848255

36 Cao, B., Stout, M.J., Lee, I., and Mysorekar, I.U. (2014), ‘Placental microbiome and its role in preterm birth’, NeoReviews, Vol. 15(12), e537–e545, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4307601

37 Mueller, N.T., Bakacs, E., Combellick, J., Grigoryan, Z., and Dominguez-Bello, M.G. (2015), ‘The infant microbiome development: mom matters’, Trends in Molecular Medicine, Vol. 21(2), pp.109–117, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4464665

38 Koren, O., Goodrich, J.K., Cullender, T.C., Spor, A., Laitinen, K., BaЁckhed, H.K., et al. (2012), ‘Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy’, Cell, 150, pp.470–480, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/22863002

39 Blaser, M.J., Missing Microbes: How the overuse of antibiotics is fueling our modern plagues (Henry Holt and Co., an imprint of Macmillan Publishers, New York, 2014.), p.94.

40 Dietert, R. & Dietert, J. (2012), ‘The completed self: an immunological view of the human-microbiome superorganism and risk of chronic diseases’ Entropy, Vol. 14, pp.2036–2065, www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/14/11/2036

41 Barker, D.J.P., and Godfrey, K.M (2001), ‘Fetal programming and adult health’, Public Health Nutrition, Vol. 4 (2b), pp.611–624, dx.doi.org/10.1079/PHN2001145, published online 27 September 2007

42 Okada, H., Kuhn, C., Feillet, H, and Bach, J-F. (2010), ‘The “hygiene hypothesis” for autoimmune and allergic diseases: an update’, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Vol. 160(1), pp.1–9, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841828

43 Von Mutius, E. (2010), ‘99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: farm lifestyles and the hygiene hypothesis’, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Vol. 160(1), pp.130–5; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20415863

44 BabyMed, ‘En caul birth’, www.babymed.com/en-caul-birth

45 Blaser, M.J., op. cit.,p.95

46 Rodriguez, J.M., Murphy, K., Stanton, C. Ross, R.P., Kober, O.I., Juge, N., et al. (2015), ‘The composition of the gut microbiota throughout life, with an emphasis on early life’, Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, Vol. 26: 26050, www.microbecolhealthdis.net/index.php/mehd/article/view/26050

47 Research by Backhed et al in 2015 suggests that the act of stopping breastfeeding (rather than simply the introduction of solids) could play a part in determining when the microbiome stabilises, but how and why is still unclear.

48 Ward, R.E., Ninonuevo M., Mills, D.A., Lebrilla, C.B., German, J.B. (2006), ‘In vitro fermentation of breast milk oligosaccharides by Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus gasseri’, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 72, pp.4497–9