Encyclopedia of Russian History

Vienna, Congress of

David M. Goldfrank

Vietnam, Relations with Stephen J. Morris

Vikings

Heidi M. Sherman

Vilnius

Alfred Erich Senn

Virgin Lands Program D. Gale Johnson

Virtual Economy Susan J. Linz

Vladimir Monomakh Martin Dimnik

Vladimir, St.

Francis Butler

Vlasov Movement

Catherine Andreyev

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LIST OF ARTICLES

Vodka

Kate Transchel

Volkogonov, Dmitry Antonovich Bruce W. Menning

Volsky, Arkady Ivanovich Eric Lohr

Vorontsov, Mikhail Semenovich Anthony Rhinelander

Vorontsov-Dashkov, Illarion Ivanovich Ronald Grigor Suny

Voroshilov, Kliment Efremovich Bruce W. Menning

Votchina

Mikhail M. Krom

Voyevoda

Brian Davies

Voznesensky, Nikolai Alexeyevich Mark Harrison

Vsevolod I

Martin Dimnik

Vsevolod III

Martin Dimnik

Vyborg Manifesto Oleg Budnitskii

Vyshinsky, Andrei Yanuarievich Peter H. Solomon Jr.

Vyshnegradsky, Ivan Alexeyevich Boris N. Mironov

Vysotsky, Vladimir Semyonovich Gerald Smith

Wages, Soviet

Lewis H. Siegelbaum

War Communism Mark Harrison

War Economy

Mark Harrison

War of the Third Coalition Norman E. Saul

Warsaw Treaty Organization Andrew A. Michta

Westernizers

Boris N. Mironov

What Is to Be Done?

David K. McQuilkin

White Army

Mary R. Habeck

White Sea Canal

Cynthia A. Ruder

Winius, Andries Dionyszoon Jarmo T. Kotilaine

Winter Palace

William Craft Brumfield

Witchcraft

Roman K. Kovalev

Witte, Sergei Yulievich Boris N. Mironov

Women of Russia Bloc Nikolai Petrov

Workers

Reginald E. Zelnik

Workers’ Control

John M. Thompson

Workers’ Opposition Barbara Allen

World Revolution William J. Chase

World War I

David R. Jones

World War II

Mark Harrison

Wrangel, Peter Nikolayevich Jonathan D. Smele

Yabloko

Peter Rutland

Yagoda, Genrikh Grigorevich Michael Parrish

Yakovlev, Alexander Nikolayevich Jonathan Harris

Yalta Conference

Joseph L. Nogee

Yanayev, Gennady Ivanovich Ann E. Robertson

Yarlyk

Donald Ostrowski

Yaropolk I

Martin Dimnik

Yaroslav Vladimirovich Martin Dimnik

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LIST OF ARTICLES

Yaroslav Vsevolodovich Martin Dimnik

Yaroslav Yaroslavich Martin Dimnik

Yavlinsky, Grigory Alexeyevich Peter Rutland

Yazov, Dmitry Timofeyevich Jacob W. Kipp

Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich Ann E. Robertson

Yermak Timofeyevich Maureen Perrie

Yesenin, Sergei Alexandrovich Brian Kassof

Yevtushenko, Yevgeny Alexandrovich Gerald Smith

Yezhov, Nikolai Ivanovich Marc Jansen

Yudenich, Nikolai Nikolayevich Jonathan D. Smele

Yugoslavia, Relations with Richard Frucht

Yuri Danilovich Martin Dimnik

Yuri Vladimirovich Martin Dimnik

Yuri Vsevolodovich Martin Dimnik

Zadonshchina

Norman W. Ingham

Zagotovka

Robert C. Stuart

Zaslavskaya, Tatiana Ivanovna Christopher Williams

Zasulich, Vera Ivanovna Michael Ellman

Zealots of Piety

Cathy J. Potter

Zemstvo

Oleg Budnitskii

Zero-Option

Matthew O’Gara

Zhdanov, Andrei Alexandrovich Werner G. Hahn

Zhelyabov, Andrei Ivanovich Oleg Budnitskii

Zhenotdel

Elizabeth A. Wood

Zhensovety

Mary Buckley

Zhirinovsky, Vladimir Volfovich Jacob W. Kipp

Zhordania, Noe Nikolayevich Ronald Grigor Suny

Zhukov, Georgy Konstantinovich David Glantz

Zhukovsky, Nikolai Yegorovich Albert L. Weeks

Zinoviev, Grigory Yevseyevich Nick Baron

Zinoviev Letter Nick Baron

Zubatov, Sergei Vasilievich Jonathan W. Daly

Zyuganov, Gennady Andreyevich Luke March

Winston Churchill’s well-known description of Russia as a “riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma” has been widely quoted because it has seemed so apt to Western observers. The Cyrillic alphabet appears mysterious to the uninitiated, as does the odd system of dual dates for key historical events. Russia is huge and geographically remote, with over one hundred ethnic groups and as many languages. Historically, Russia stood on the margin of Europe proper, and Russian society experienced the Renaissance and the Reformation, which shaped modern Europe, only partially and belatedly.

Physical distance and prolonged isolation from Europe would be sufficient to enhance and promote a distinctive Russian culture. Russians have themselves debated whether they are more European, or more Asian, or instead a unique Slavic civilization т-» r-» i-» i-? л ^-» i-» destined to provide the world with a “third” way. PREFACE Nikolai Gogol, one of Russia’s earliest and most original writers, expressed this messianic view in his novel Dead Souls, where he offered a speeding troika, a carriage drawn by three horses, as a metaphor for Russia:

Russia, are you not speeding along like a fiery matchless troika? Beneath you the road is smoke, the bridges thunder, and everything is left far behind. At your passage the onlooker stops amazed as by a divine miracle. . . . Russia, where are you flying? Answer me! There is no answer. The bells are tinkling and filling the air with their wonderful pealing; the air is torn and thundering as it turns to wind; everything on earth comes flying past and, looking askance at her, other peoples and states move aside and make way.