Foreign Agents: How American Lobbyists and Lawmakers Threaten Democracy Around the World

18. U.S. Department of Justice, “Elliott Broidy Pleads Guilty for Back-Channel Lobbying Campaign to Drop 1MDB Investigation and Remove a Chinese Foreign National,” press release, October 20, 2020.

19. Spencer S. Hsu, “Major RNC, Trump Fundraiser Elliott Broidy Pleads Guilty to Acting as Unregistered Foreign Agent,” Washington Post, October 20, 2020.

20. Attorney General of United States of America v. Stephen A. Wynn, Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief.

21. Mark Hosenball, “Trump Ex-Fundraiser Elliott Broidy Pleads Guilty in 1MDB Foreign Lobbying Case,” Reuters, October 20, 2020.

22. Attorney General of United States of America v. Stephen A. Wynn, Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief.

23. Ken Dilanian, “Russians Paid Mike Flynn $45K for Moscow Speech, Documents Show,” NBC News, March 16, 2017.

24. Carol E. Lee, “Mueller Gives New Details on Flynn’s Secretive Work for Turkey,” NBC News, December 5, 2018.

25. Isaac Arnsdorf, “Trump’s New Spy Chief Used to Work for a Foreign Politician the U.S. Accused of Corruption,” ProPublica, February 21, 2020.

26. U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Targets Corruption and the Kremlin’s Malign Influence Operations in Moldova,” press release, October 26, 2022.

27. Arnsdorf, “Trump’s New Spy Chief.”

28. Casey Michel, “The Law That Could Take Down Rudy Giuliani,” New Republic, October 15, 2019.

29. Jo Becker, Maggie Haberman, and Eric Lipton, “Giuliani Pressed for Turkish Prisoner Swap in Oval Office Meeting,” New York Times, October 10, 2019.

30. Aram Roston, Matt Spetalnick, and Brian Ellsworth, “Exclusive: Giuliani Told U.S. His Client Deserves Leniency for Financing Venezuela’s Opposition—Parnas,” Reuters, January 22, 2020.

31. Casey Michel, “The Kleptocrat Who Bankrolled Rudy Giuliani’s Drive for Dirt on Biden,” New Republic, August 4, 2022. Firtash is currently fighting extradition to the United States.

32. Nick Penzenstadler, Steve Reilly, and John Kelly, “Most Trump Real Estate Now Sold to Secretive Buyers,” USA Today, June 13, 2017.

33. Craig Unger, “Trump’s Russian Laundromat,” New Republic, July 13, 2017.

34. Richard C. Paddock and Eric Lipton, “Trump’s Indonesia Projects, Still Moving Ahead, Create Potential Conflicts,” New York Times, December 31, 2016.

35. “Trump’s Luxury Condo: A Congolese State Affair,” Global Witness, April 10, 2019.

36. Luke Broadwater and Eric Lipton, “Documents Detail Foreign Government Spending at Trump Hotel,” New York Times, November 14, 2022.

37. Details of Malaysian government expenditures at Trump International Hotel, Washington, DC, for September 10–19, 2017, prepared December 19, 2018, https://int.nyt.com/data/documenttools/pages-from-malaysian-government-expenditures-trump-hotel/c3e82c1247e1ccc8/full.pdf.

38. Broadwater and Lipton, “Documents Detail Foreign Government Spending.”

39. Melissa Zhu, “Najib Razak: Malaysia’s Ex-PM Starts Jail Term After Final Appeal Fails,” BBC News, August 23, 2022.

40. Broadwater and Lipton, “Documents Detail Foreign Government Spending.”

41. Katherine Sullivan, “How a Nigerian Presidential Candidate Hired a Trump Lobbyist and Ended Up in Trump’s Lobby—‘Trump, Inc.’ Podcast,” ProPublica, February 27, 2019.

42. Scott Bixby, “Trump’s Ukraine Conspiracy Theory Came from Paul Manafort During his 2016 Campaign: Mueller Notes,” Daily Beast, November 4, 2019.

43. Jim Rutenberg, “The Untold Story of ‘Russiagate’ and the Road to War in Ukraine,” New York Times, November 2, 2022.

44. Radley Balko, “No-Knock Raids Like the One Against Paul Manafort Are More Common than You Think,” Washington Post, August 10, 2017.

45. U.S. v. Paul J. Manafort Jr. and Konstantin Kilimnik, Superseding Indictment, U.S. District Court, District of Columbia, Case No. 1:17-cr-00201-ABJ, June 8, 2018, www.justice.gov/archives/sco/page/file/1070326/download.

46. U.S. v. Paul J. Manafort Jr. and Richard W. Gates III, Indictment, U.S. District Court, District of Columbia, Case No. Case No. 1:17-cr-00201-ABJ, October 30, 2017, www.justice.gov/file/1007271/download.

47. Ibid.

48. Sharon LaFraniere, “Paul Manafort’s Prison Sentence Is Nearly Doubled to 7½ Years,” New York Times, March 13, 2019.

49. Dartunorro Clark, Gary Grumbach, and Charlie Gile, “Manafort Gets 7.5 Years in Prison, After Additional 43 Months in Second Sentencing,” NBC News, March 13, 2019.

50. Paul Manafort, Political Prisoner: Persecuted, Prosecuted, but Not Silenced (New York: Skyhorse, 2022).

51. Theodoric Meyer, “Flynn Admits to Lying About Turkish Lobbying,” Politico, December 1, 2017. Trump later pardoned Flynn, who was never imprisoned.

52. U.S. Department of Justice, “Elliott Broidy Pleads Guilty.”

53. Soo Rin Kim, “Trump Associates Who Have Been Sent to Prison or Faced Criminal Charges,” ABC News, January 17, 2020.

54. Skadden settlement agreement, January 15, 2019, https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1124381/download.