Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926

35. On these events see Smele, Civil War in Siberia, 13–33. The history of the Provisional Siberian Government is now fully traceable in V. I. Shishkin, ed., Vremennoe Sibirskoe Pravitel′stvo, 26 maia–3 noiabria 1918 g.: Sbornik dokumentov i materialy (Novosibirsk: Sova, 2007).

36. On the genesis of these organizations, see Smele, Civil War in Siberia, 50–62; and G. Z. Ioffe, Kolchakovskaia avantiura i ee krakh (Moscow: Mysl, 1983), 39–55.

37. Smele, “Russian” Civil Wars, ch. 2.

38. On the fate of the reserve, which initially amounted to just over 650,000,000 gold roubles, see Jonathan D. Smele, “White Gold: The Imperial Russian Gold Reserve in the Anti-Bolshevik East, 1918–? (An Unconcluded Chapter in the History of the Russian Civil War),” Europe–Asia Studies 46, no. 8 (1994): 1317–47; and Oleg Budnitskii, Den′gi russkoi emigratsii: Kolchakovskoe zoloto, 1918–1957 (Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2008).

39. L. D. Trotsky, My Life: The Rise and Fall of a Dictator (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1930), 396–400; Jan M. Meijer, ed., The Trotsky Papers, 1917–1922 (The Hague: Mouton, 1964), 1: 69–71; L. D. Trotsky, How the Revolution Armed, vol. 1, 1918 (London: New Park Publications, 1979), 313. Also, Geoffrey Swain, “Trotsky and the Russian Civil War,” in Reinterpreting Revolutionary Russia: Essays in Honour of James D. White, ed. Ian D. Thatcher (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2006), 86–87. For a colorful firsthand account of the fighting at this crucial juncture, see Larissa Reissner, “Sviajsk,” Cahiers Leon Trotsky 12 (1982): 51–64.

40. On Murav′ev, see Geoffrey Swain, “Russia’s Garibaldi: The Revolutionary Life of Mikhail Artemevich Muraviev,” Revolutionary Russia 11, no. 2 (1998): 54–81; and V. A. Savchenko, “Glavnokommanduiushchii Murav′ev: ‘. . . Nash lozung—byt′ besposhchadnymi,’” in V. A. Savchenko, Avantiuristy grazhdanskoi voiny: Istorischeskoe issledovanie (Khar′kov: Folio, 2000), 44–64.

41. Geoffrey Swain, “The Disillusioning of the Revolution’s Praetorian Guard: The Latvian Riflemen, Summer–Autumn 1918,” Europe–Asia Studies 51, no. 4 (1999): 667–86.

42. On Savinkov, see Richard B. Spence, Boris Savinkov: Renegade on the Left (Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1991), 209–16; and Karol Wedziagolski, Boris Savinkov: Portrait of a Terrorist (Clifton, N.J.: The Kingston Press, 1988), 53–65. The genesis and course of the Iaroslavl′ Revolt is adumbrated in E. A. Ermolin and V. N. Kozliakov, eds., Iaroslavskoe vosstanie, 1918 (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnoe Fond “Demokratiia,” 2007).

43. See P. N. Dmitriev and K. I. Kulikov, Miatezh v Izhevsk-Votkinskom raione (Izhevsk: Udmurtiia, 1992).

44. On the background to and events of the Omsk coup, see Smele, Civil War in Siberia, 50–107.

45. C. H. Ellis, The Transcaspian Episode, 1918–1919 (London: Hutchinson, 1963); and Lt. Col. D. E. Knollys, “Military Operations in Transcaspia, 1918–1919,” Journal of the Central Asian Society 13, no. 2 (1926): 88–110.

46. On events in North Russia, see V. I. Goldin, Kontrrevoliutsiia na severe Rossii i ee krushenie, 1918–1920 gg. (Vologda: Vologodskii ped. inst., 1989); V. I. Goldin, ed., Belyi sever, 1918–1920 gg.: Memuary i dokumenty, 2 vols. (Arkhangel′sk: Pravda Severa, 1993); Liudmila G. Novikova, “A Province of a Non-existent State: The White Government in the Russian North and Political Power in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20,” Revolutionary Russia 18, no. 2 (2005): 121–44; and Liudmila G. Novikova, Provintsial′naia “kontrrevoliutsiia”: Beloe dvizhenie i Grazhdanskaia voina na russkom Severe, 1917–1920 (Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2011).

47. The Don Cossack territory had been overrun by Red forces in January 1918 and a Don Soviet Republic proclaimed. However, a rising of the Cossacks turned the tables in May, and a Don Republic, dominated by the Cossacks, was established. The latter initially sought the protection of Germany, but as we shall see, entered into an uneasy alliance with the pro-Allied Whites when the Central Powers collapsed.