Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926

83. With Trotsky preoccupied in Petrograd and Kamenev sometimes sidelined by the Soviet leadership (among which were many who still harbored suspicions about the employment of former tsarist officers as voenspetsy), much of the initial impetus for this can be credited to Stalin, as chairman of the Revvoensovet of the Southern Front, and to front commander A. I. Egorov. See Mawdsley, Russian Civil War, 203–4.

84. See F. Shteinman, “Otstuplenie ot Odessa,” Beloe delo (Moscow: Rossiiskii gos. gumanitarnyi un-t, 2003), 10:313–29.

85. Anthony Kröner, The White Knight of the Black Sea: The Life of Peter Wrangel (The Hague: Leuxenhoff, 2010); Vrangel′, Vospominaniia, 1: 296–302.

86. This despite—or perhaps because of—Denikin’s attempt to rein in Kuban separatism in November 1919, when he had arrested 10 members of the Kuban Rada and forced Ataman A. P. Filimonov to resign.

87. See Erok C. Landis, “Who Were the ‘Greens’?,” Russian Review 69, no. 1 (2010): 43–46; Rudolf Karmann, Der Freiheitskampf der Kosaken: Die weiße Armee im russischen Bürgerkrieg 1917–1920 (Puchheim: IDEA, 1985), 549–52; and Swain, Russia’s Civil War, 128–32.

88. H. N. H. Williamson, Farewell to the Don: The Journal of Brigadier H. N. H. Williamson (London: Collins, 1970), 276–81.

89. E. Zhulikova, “Povstancheskoe dvizhenie na Severnom Kavkaze v 1920–25 godakh (dokumental′nye publikatsii noveishaia otchestvennaia istoriografiia),” Otchestvennaia istoriia, no. 2 (2004): 159–69.

90. The major exception was the decision to advance into western and southern Ukraine in the first half of 1919, in an attempt to forge a union with Béla Kun’s Hungarian Soviet Republic—an initiative that ended in disaster with the aforementioned Hryhroriiv uprising.

91. On the end of the old army, see M. Frenkin, Russkaia armiia i revoliutsiia, 1917–1918 (Munich: Logos, 1978), ch. 7. On the early days of the Red Army, see John Erickson, “The Origins of the Red Army,” in Revolutionary Russia, ed. Richard Pipes (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), 224–56; and David Footman, “The Beginnings of the Red Army,” in Civil War in Russia (London: Faber & Faber, 1961), 135–66. For two very insightful firsthand accounts, see M. D. Bonch-Bruevich, From Tsarist General to Red Army Commander (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1966); and A. F. Ilyin-Zhenevsky, The Bolsheviks in Power: Reminiscences of the Year 1918 (London: New Park Publications, 1984).

92. N. N. Movchin, Komplektovanie Krasnoi armii (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1926), 36.

93. Trotsky, How the Revolution Armed, vol. 1, 1918, 19–23 (emphasis in original).

94. Ibid., 43, 47.

95. On the service of the officers of the Academy of the General Staff (genshtabisty) in Red forces, see A. V. Ganin, “O roli ofitserov General′nogo shtaba v grazhdanskoi voine,” Voprosy istorii, no. 6 (2004): 98–111; V. V. Kaminskii, “Vypuskniki Akademii gereral′nogo shtaba na sluzhbe v Krasnoi Armii,” Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal, no. 8 (2002): 54–61; V. V. Kaminskii, “Russkie genshtabisty v 1917–1920: Itogi izucheniia,” Voprosy istorii, no. 12 (2002): 40–51; V. V. Kaminskii, “Brat protiv brat: ofitsery-genshtabisty v 1917–1920gg.,” Voprosy istorii, no. 11 (2003): 115–26; and Steven J. Main, “Pragmatism in the Face of Adversity: The Bolsheviks and the Academy of the General Staff of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War, 1918–1921,” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 8, no. 2 (1995): 333–55. The background of the genshtabisty’s willingness to serve in the Red Army is expertly traced in Matitiahu Mayzel, Generals and Revolutionaries: The Russian General Staff during the Revolution—A Study in the Transformation of a Military Elite (Osnabruck: Biblio-Verlag, 1979).

96. See S. M. Kliatskin, Na zashchite Oktiabria: Organizatsiia reguliarnoi army i militsionnoe stroitel′stvo v Sovetskoi respublike, 1917–1920 (Moscow: Nauka, 1965), 160–61.