Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926

Commanders of the first 7th Red Army were E. A. Iskritskii (1–28 November 1918); E. M. Golubintsev (29 December–5 December 1918); N. V. Khenrikson (5 December 1918–27 January 1919); A. K. Remezov (27 January–1 July 1919); M. S. Matiiasevich (1 July–26 September 1919); S. D. Kharlamov (26 September–17 October 1919); D. N. Nadezhnyi (17 October–17 November 1919); and S. I. Odintsov (17 November 1919–10 February 1920). Its chiefs of staff were V. E. Mediokritskii (1–8 November 1918); V. I. Shishkin (8 November–25 December 1918); M. V. Tsygal′skii (25 December 1918–8 May 1919); S. N. Golubev (8 May–5 July 1919); V. I. Liundekvist (5 July–30 September 1919); A. A. Liutov (30 September–17 October 1919); L. K. Aleksandrov (17 October–14 November 1919); S. D. Kharlamov (14 November–31 December 1919); M. M. von Enden (acting, 31 December 1919–27 January 1920); and V. N. Zarubaev (27 January–10 February 1920).

A second 7th Red Army was constituted on 15 April 1920 (according to an order of the Revvoensovet of the Republic of 10 April 1920). This force existed until 3 December 1920, and was concentrated in the Petrograd region, but did not see military action. It consisted of the 1st (April–July 1920), 6th (February–May 1920), 12th (September–October 1920), 13th (June–September 1920), 18th (April–May 1920), 19th (February–April 1920), 43rd (August–December 1920), 54th (April–June 1920), and 55th (February–August 1920) Rifle Divisions.

Commanders of the second 7th Red Army were S. I. Odintsov (15 April–30 July 1920); M. M. Lashevich (acting, 30 July–25 August 1920); and V. N. Zarubaev (25 August–3 December 1920). Its chiefs of staff were V. N. Zarubaev (15 April–25 September 1920); G. A. Pliushchevskii-Pliushchik (25 September–7 October 1920); and L. N. Rostov (7 October–3 December 1920).

The third 7th Red Army was created on 5 March 1921 to assist in the suppression of the Kronshtadt Revolt. It consisted of the 11th, 27th, 43rd, and Independent Rifle Divisions (March–May 1921). Its forces were repelled by the rebel sailors during its first offensive on 8 March 1921, but significantly reinforced (and with a strength of some 45,000 men), managed to conquer the naval base on 18 March 1921. The army was disbanded in May 1921, and its forces were assigned to the Petrograd Military District.

Commanders of the third 7th Red Army were M. N. Tukhachevskii (5–19 March 1921) and D. N. Avrov (19 March–10 May 1921). Its chief of staff was A. M. Peremytov.

SÈVRES, TREATY OF (10 August 1920). This agreement, which brought to a formal end the hostilities of the First World War between Turkey and the Allies in the Near East, had an important impact on the “Russian” Civil Wars, as it formalized the partition of the Ottoman Empire. Under the terms of the treaty, which was signed on behalf of the Democratic Republic of Armenia by Avetis Aharonyan, Armenia’s independence was recognized by Turkey (Article 88), while it was agreed that “Turkey and Armenia as well as the other High Contracting Parties agree to submit to the arbitration of the President of the United States of America the question of the frontier to be fixed between Turkey and Armenia in the vilayets of Erzurum, Trabzon, Van and Bitlis, and to accept his decision thereupon, as well as any stipulations he may prescribe as to access for Armenia to the sea, and as to the demilitarization of any portion of Turkish territory adjacent to the said frontier” (Article 89). Due to the outbreak of the Turkish War of Independence, however, the treaty was never ratified, and the provisions for a greater (“Wilsonian”) Armenia were dropped from the subsequent Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923), which recognized a Turkish state within its current borders.

Seydamet (seydamet kirimer), dzhafer (Cafer) (1 September 1889–3 April 1960). A leader of the Crimean Tatar nationalist movement during the revolutionary period, Dzhafer Seydamet was born into a wealthy peasant family in the village of Kızıltaş (Kyzyl-Tash), near Yalta, in Tauride guberniia, and was educated from 1908 in the Law Faculty of Constantinople University. In 1910, he published The Oppression of the Tatar People in Turkey, which led the Russian government to demand his arrest, so he fled to France, where he graduated from the Law Faculty of the Sorbonne in 1913. He returned to Russia on the eve of the First World War and entered St. Petersburg University, but in 1914 was mobilized, put through an officers’ school, and sent to the front.