Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926

From March 1918, Tiutnnyk was a member of the Ukrainian Army, remaining in that post following the coup of Hetman P. P. Skoropadskii to serve in the Hetmanite Army, as assistant chief of a section of the General Staff in Kiev. In fact, though, Tiutnnyk was an opponent of the Ukrainian State; he was a member of the Ukrainian National Union and a supporter of Simon Petliura and participated in preparations for the overthrow of Skoropadskii in November–December 1918. From November 1918, he was deputy chief of the General Staff of the army of the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR), as well as head of its Operational Section. In May–June 1919, it was on the basis of plans drawn up by Tiutnnyk that the Ukrainian Army extricated itself from a calamitous situation between the Red Army and the Polish Army and captured Proskurov, Kamenets-Podol′skii, and other towns. Subsequently, he was named commander in chief of the Ukrainian Army and (from August 1919), simultaneously, commander of its Eastern Group. In that capacity, he laid the plans for the first of the UNR army’s Winter Campaigns (1919–1920).

Before that operation got under way, however, Tiutnnyk died, at Rovno, of heart complications associated with a bout of typhus. The monument at his grave in Rovno (raised by subscription in 1930, when that city was in Poland) was restored in 1992, and in 2001 a plaque in his memory was unveiled in the room of the local hospital where he died.

TOGAN, AHMET ZEKI VELIDI (VALIDOV).See Validov (Validi), Ahmed Zeki (togan).

TOKMAKOV, PETR MIKHAILOVICH (?–23 March 1921). Sublieutenant (1915). One of the leaders of the Tambov Rebellion, P. M. Tokmakov was born into a peasant family at Inokovka, Tambov guberniia. He was mobilized during the Russo–Japanese War and chose to remain in military service thereafter, being frequently cited for bravery and receiving numerous awards and medals during the First World War.

Tokmakov returned to Tambov in 1918 and began organizing self-defense militias and units of partisans there, in partnership with A. S. Antonov. During the uprising against Soviet power of 1920–1921, he rose to command the United Partisan Army of the Tambov Region (from 14 November 1920) and then the 2nd Partisan Army (from early 1921). According to some sources, he was also one of the leading members of the political arm of the rebellion, the Union of the Toiling Peasantry. Early in 1921, he was mortally wounded in battle against Red Army forces at the village of Belomestnaia Dvoinia. A rebel soldier called S. V. Ionov, who was captured by the Cheka, later told his interrogators that he had killed Tokmakov, against whom he bore a grudge stemming from a reprimand for looting. Tokmakov’s common-law wife, Anastaia Drigo-Drigina, however, testified that he had died of battle wounds. His gravesite remains unknown.

Tolstov, Vladimir Sergeevich (7 July 1884–29 April 1956). Colonel (1917), major general (1918), lieutenant general (October 1919). Son of an exiled ataman of the Terek Cossack Host (General of Cavalry S. E. Tolstov), V. S. Tolstov, the last ataman of the Urals Cossack Host (elected 11 March 1919), was born at Lokhvitsa, Poltava guberniia, and was a graduate of the Nicholas Cavalry School (1905). During the First World War, he commanded the 4th Urals Cossack Regiment.

In January 1918, Tolstov led the Urals Cossacks’ rising against Soviet power at Astrakhan and Gur′ev; later in 1918, he commanded the Gur′ev group of the Urals Army; and from 8 April 1919 to 5 January 1920, he commanded the Urals Army. Following the collapse of that force, he led its 15,000 survivors on a horrendous “ice march” along the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea, eventually passing into Persia with just 162 Cossacks. He and his men were then confined to a prison camp at Basra, until 16 May 1921, when some of their number (including Tolstov) were transferred to the Far East. In 1922, Tolstov commanded Cossack forces based on Russian Island, off Vladivostok. When the city fell to the Far Eastern Republic’s People’s-Revolutionary Army in October of that year, he emigrated to China.

In 1921, Tolstov was elected as a member of the émigré Russian Council of General P. N. Wrangel, and from August 1922, he also served as chairman of the Directorate of Cossack Forces in emigration. In 1942, Tolstov moved permanently to Australia, where many Cossacks of the Urals Army had settled, and worked as a docker in Sydney before establishing his own business. He died and is buried in Brisbane.