Истинноверующий

ÅÂÐÎÏÅÉÑÊÈÉ ÃÓÌÀÍÈÒÀÐÍÛÉ ÓÍÈÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒ

1

ERIC HOFFER

T H E T R U E B E L I E V E R

NEW YORK

FREDERIC A. PRAEGER

1962

Ýðèê Õîôôåð

ИСТИННОВЕРУЮЩИЙ

ÌÛÑËÈ Î ÏÐÈÐÎÄÅ ÌÀÑÑÎÂÛÕ ÄÂÈÆÅÍÈÉ

ÌÈÍÑÊ

ÈÇÄÀÒÅËÜÑÒÂÎ ÅÃÓ

2001

ÓÄÊ 32.001+316.6

ÁÁÊ 60

Õ 85

Íàó÷íûé ðåäàêòîð

àêàäåìèê ÍÀÍ ÐÁ, ïðîôåññîð À. À. Ìèõàéëîâ Ïå÷àòàåòñÿ ïî èçäàíèþ:

Íüþ-Éîðê, Ôðåäåðèê À.Ïðåããåð, 1962

Õîôôåð Ý.

Õ 85

Èñòèííîâåðóþùèé/Ý. Õîôôåð. – Ìí.:

ÅÃÓ, 2001. – 200 ñ.

ISBN 985-6614-28-7.

Èññëåäîâàíèå ïðèçíàííîãî â ÑØÀ êëàññèêà îáùåñòâî-

âåäåíèÿ ïîñâÿùåíî ïðèðîäå è ñîäåðæàíèþ ìàññîâûõ äâèæåíèé ÷åëîâå÷åñòâà – áóäü òî ïàðòèè, ðåëèãèîçíûå òå-

÷åíèÿ, íàöèîíàëüíûå èëè ñîöèàëüíûå ðåâîëþöèè. ×åì îáúÿñíèòü ïðèòÿãàòåëüíîñòü äëÿ ìàññ òàêèõ íåîäíîçíà÷-

íûõ â ìèðîâîé èñòîðèè è äóõîâíîé êóëüòóðå ôèãóð, êàê Õðèñòîñ, Áóääà, Ìàãîìåò, Ãèòëåð, Ñòàëèí? Âûÿâëÿÿ çàêî-

íîìåðíîñòè àâòîð äàåò îðèãèíàëüíûå îòâåòû.

Íàïèñàííàÿ óáåäèòåëüíûì ÿçûêîì, êíèãà áóäåò èíòå-

ðåñíà íå òîëüêî èñòîðèêàì, ôèëîñîôàì, ïîëèòîëîãàì, íî è âñåì, êòî èíòåðåñóåòñÿ ïðîáëåìàìè îáùåñòâîâåäåíèÿ.

Íåîäíîêðàòíî ïåðåèçäàâàëàñü â ÑØÀ. Â íàøåé ñòðà-

íå èçäàåòñÿ âïåðâûå.

ÓÄÊ 32.001+316.6

ÁÁÊ 60

ISBN 985-6614-28-7

 ÅÃÓ, 2001

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

Ïðåäèñëîâèå íàó÷íîãî ðåäàêòîðà .............................. 8

Íåñêîëüêî ñëîâ îá àâòîðå ....................................... 11

Ïðåäèñëîâèå......................................................... 15

×ÀÑÒÜ ÏÅÐÂÀß

Ñîáëàçí ìàññîâûõ äâèæåíèé ................................... 18

Ãëàâà I

Æàæäà ïåðåìåíû ................................................... 19

Ãëàâà II

Ñòðåìëåíèå ê ïåðåâîïëîùåíèþ ................................ 28

Ãëàâà III

Ñìåíÿåìîñòü ìàññîâûõ äâèæåíèé ............................. 33

×ÀÑÒÜ ÂÒÎÐÀß

Ïîòåíöèàëüíûé èñòèííîâåðóþùèé ......................... 38

Ãëàâà IV

Ðîëü îòùåïåíöåâ â äåëàõ ÷åëîâå÷åñêèõ ...................... 39

Ãëàâà V

Áåäíÿêè............................................................... 41

Íîâûå áåäíÿêè ................................................. 41

Îòâåðæåííûå ................................................... 42

Ñâîáîäíûå áåäíÿêè ........................................... 46

Òâîð÷åñêèå áåäíÿêè........................................... 48

Îáúåäèíåííûå áåäíÿêè ...................................... 49

Ãëàâà VI

Íå íà ìåñòå ........................................................... 62

5

ЭРИК ХОФФЕР

Ãëàâà VII

Êðàéíèå ýãîèñòû ................................................... 65

Ãëàâà VIII

×åñòîëþáöû ïåðåä íåîãðàíè÷åííûìè

âîçìîæíîñòÿìè ...................................................... 66

Ãëàâà IX

Ìåíüøèíñòâà........................................................ 67

Ãëàâà Õ

Ñêó÷àþùèå .......................................................... 69

Ãëàâà XI

Ãðåøíèêè ............................................................ 71

×ÀÑÒÜ ÒÐÅÒÜß

Îáúåäèíåííàÿ àêöèÿ è ñàìîïîæåðòâîâàíèå .............. 73

Ãëàâà XII

Âñòóïëåíèå .......................................................... 74

Ãëàâà XIII

Ôàêòîðû, ñïîñîáñòâóþùèå ñàìîïîæåðòâîâàíèþ........... 78

Îòîæäåñòâëåíèå ñ êîëëåêòèâíûì öåëûì ............... 78

Ïðèòâîðñòâî .................................................... 82

Íåäîîöåíêà ñóùåñòâóþùåãî ................................ 85

“Âåùè, êîòîðûõ íåò” .......................................... 93

Äîêòðèíà ......................................................... 96

Ôàíàòèçì ...................................................... 100

Ìàññîâûå äâèæåíèÿ è àðìèè ........................... 105

Ãëàâà XIV

Îáúåäèíÿþùèå ýëåìåíòû ...................................... 109

Íåíàâèñòü ...................................................... 109

Ïîäðàæàíèå ................................................... 119

Óáåæäåíèå è ïðèíóæäåíèå ............................... 123

Ðóêîâîäñòâî ................................................... 129

Äåéñòâèå........................................................ 138

6

Ïîäîçðèòåëüíîñòü ........................................... 142

Ðåçóëüòàòû îáúåäèíåíèÿ ................................... 144

×ÀÑÒÜ ×ÅÒÂÅÐÒÀß

Íà÷àëî è êîíåö .................................................. 148

Ãëàâà ÕV

Ëþäè ñëîâà ....................................................... 149

Ãëàâà ÕVI

Ôàíàòèêè .......................................................... 163

Ãëàâà ÕVII

Ïðàêòè÷íûå “ëþäè äåéñòâèÿ” ............................... 168

Ãëàâà ÕVIII

Õîðîøèå è ïëîõèå ìàññîâûå äâèæåíèÿ ................... 174

Íåïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòü

è áåñïëîäíîñòü àêòèâíîé ôàçû ......................... 174

Íåêîòîðûå ôàêòîðû, îïðåäåëÿþùèå

ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü àêòèâíîé ôàçû .................... 178

Ïîëåçíûå ìàññîâûå äâèæåíèÿ ........................... 184

Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ ....................................................... 190

7

ЭРИК ХОФФЕР

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ НАУЧНОГО РЕДАКТОРА

Èìÿ àìåðèêàíñêîãî ìûñëèòåëÿ Ýðèêà Õîôôåðà (1902–

1983) âñå åùå îñòàåòñÿ íåäîñòàòî÷íî èçâåñòíûì íàøåìó

÷èòàòåëþ. Åãî ïåðâàÿ è, ïî-âèäèìîìó, ñàìàÿ çíà÷èòåëü-

íàÿ èç îïóáëèêîâàííûõ èì äåâÿòè êíèã – Èñòèííîâå-

ðóþùèé, – ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ðàçìûøëåíèÿ î ïðèðîäå

ìàññîâûõ äâèæåíèé.

Ðàáîòà, ñòàâøàÿ â ÑØÀ êëàññè÷åñêîé, äî ñèõ ïîð íå

èìååò äîëæíîãî ðåçîíàíñà íà åâðîïåéñêîì êîíòèíåíòå.