Я видел необходимость этой строгой меры – ибо это было сказано не мне
Удивительно, как быстро г-н майор Гельман установил полный порядок в обширной Москве, хотя в его распоряжении по прибытии было лишь немного драгун полиции и казаков. Демидовским крестьянам с тех пор приходилось худо, хотя
Summary:
Johannes Ambrosius Rosenstrauch and His Memoir of 1812
Johannes Ambrosius Rosenstrauch, whose German-language memoir of Napoleon’s occupation of Moscow is here published for the first time, lived a colorful life. He was an emigrant and a religious convert, and at various times he was a barber, an actor, a freemason, a merchant, a pastor, and a Pietist writer. He witnessed the waning years of the Holy Roman Empire and the invasion of Holland and Germany by revolutionary France, and then spent his last 31 years in St. Petersburg, Moscow, and present-day Ukraine.
In 1835, shortly before his death, he wrote down his memories of the events in occupied Moscow in 1812. The memoir served two functions: it was a vivid first-hand account – alternately suspenseful, dramatic, melancholy, and humorous – of a decisive moment in the Napoleonic Wars; and it was an aging man’s meditation on the role of Divine Providence in shaping the course of his own life. As an account of the war, the memoir speaks for itself, but its deeper layers of meaning remain opaque unless one knows the author’s personal history. The concrete biographical information contained in the memoir is vague and elliptical. Hence the introductory section of the present book provides a study of Rosenstrauch’s life, of which the following is an English-language summary.
Rosenstrauch, as far as can be reconstructed from scanty evidence, was born in 1768 in Breslau, the capital of the Prussian province of Silesia. All that is known of his family and childhood is that he was Catholic and, as he wrote later, “of burgher origin.” For the early period of his life we know only that in 1788, he was married in the Westphalian town of Brilon. According to the parish register, he was a surgeon, that is, most likely a wandering barber-surgeon.
His life is documented with much greater continuity from 1790 on. By that year, he was an actor performing with troupes that traveled in northwestern Germany. He spent the years 1792–94 in the Netherlands, where he became a freemason and witnessed that country’s invasion by the armies of the French Revolution. It is also in the Netherlands, in 1792, that his son Wilhelm was born. During the period 1794–1800 he was a member of the court theater of the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel; he also accompanied that troupe to engagements in other towns, including Mainz, where he witnessed the French siege in 1795. After separating from his wife, he left Kassel in 1800 for the court theater of the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. In 1804, he accepted a position at the German theater of St. Petersburg, a city that could support a German theater because of the presence of a large German diaspora. During his years in Mecklenburg-Schwerin and St. Petersburg, he was very active as a freemason and embraced a Pietistic form of Protestantism.
It is unclear when, exactly, he decided to give up the acting profession. Actors were outsiders in