Хранители времени. Реконструкция истории Вселенной атом за атомом

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9. У Аргона три стабильных изотопа: 36Ar, 38Ar и 40Ar, но последний составляет 99,6 % от общего количества.

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20. DePalma et al., “A Seismically Induced Onshore Surge Deposit”.

Глава 13. Эволюция: от метеоритов до цианобактерий

1. Домашняя страница израильской науки и технологий: https://www. science. co. il/elements/?s=Earth.

2. Причина в том, что для опознания молекулы нужно знать ее спектр; множество других спектральных линий принадлежат еще не опознанным молекулам.

3. “List of Interstellar and Circumstellar Molecules”.

4. S. A. Wilde, J. W. Valley, W. H. Peck, and C. M. Graham, “Evidence from Detrital Zircons for the Existence of Continental Crust and Oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr Ago”, Nature 409 (2001): 175–177.

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7. W. Lenz, “A Short History of Thalidomide Embryopathy”, Teratology 38 (1988): 203–213.

8. На самом деле история несколько сложнее. См.: E. Tokunaga, Scientific Reports 8 (2018): 17131.

9. Еще две обнаружены у некоторых видов бактерий и архей.

10. S. H. Gellman and D. N. Woolfson, “Designing a 20-Residue Protein”, Nature Structural Biology 9, no. 6 (2002): 425–430; and K. H. Mok et al., “A Pre-existing Hydrophobic Collapse in the Unfolded State of an Ultrafast Folding Protein”, Nature 447 (2007): 7140.

11. J. E. Elsila et al., “Meteoritic Amino Acids: Diversity in Compositions Reflect Parent Body Histories”, ACS Central Science 2, no. 6 (2016): 370–379.

12. J. Sokol, “An Unusual Meteorite, More Valuable Than Gold, May Hold the Building Blocks of Life”, Science (2020), doi:10.1126/science. abe.3025.

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15. A. Dylewski, “Meteorites Delivered the “Seeds” of Earth’s Left-Hand Life”, пресс-релиз Американского химического общества, https://www. acs. org/content/acs/en/pressroom/newsreleases/2008/april/meteorites-delivered-the-seeds-of-earths-left-hand-life. html; M. Levine, C. S. Kenesky, D. Mazori, and R. Breslow, “Enantioselective Synthesis and Enantiomeric Amplification of Amino Acids Under Prebiotic Conditions”, Organic Letters 10 (2008): 2433–2436.

16. Следует отметить, что сахара, которые мы можем перева- ривать, – правосторонние.

17. D. P. Glavin and J. P. Dworkin, “Enrichment of the Amino Acid l-Isovaline by Aqueous Alteration on CI and CM Meteorite Parent Bodies”, PNAS106, no. 14 (2009): 5487–5492.

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19. Y. Furukawaa et al., “Extraterrestrial Ribose and Other Sugars in Primitive Meteorites”, PNAS116 (2019): 24440–24445.

20. Иногда называется просто последним универсальным предком (LUA).