Неизвестное сельское хозяйство, или Зачем нужна корова?

The third chapter is devoted to the identification of the universal factors underpinning people’s farming. Principal among these is resources the following: social-demographic; land; capital, which takes the form of inputs from the large-farm sector; natural and non-agricultural-resources. In the chapter the authors discuss the importance of human capital to small-scale farming, how much land is used and how small is the demand for expanding land resources, the inter-dependence of small and large-scale farming and the practice of natural resource harvesting in Russia’s forests. The chapter concludes with a systematic analysis of the geography of the natural resource base of people’s farming, the limits imposed upon it by population and resources, and the influence on it of the current state of large farming.

The fourth chapter is more overtly geographical. Using maps, diagrams and tables, the authors show the variation by administrative region in the number of livestock kept on people’s farms, production of dairy products, meat, vegetables and potatoes. One section is devoted to the degree of commercialisation of production and it links to the market. The principal geographic factors determining the patterns observed are distance to the cities and physical geography. The chapter concludes with the discussion of the influence of ethnicity on the geography of people’s farms. Examples of ethnically specific people’s farms are described in Stavropol krai, the Volga provinces and the Pre-Urals, including in places where there is nascent ethnic conflict. The role of socio-demographic and economic factors in worsening ethnic relations latter cases is analysed.

The fifth chapter shifts to a discussion of private farming in general in post-Soviet Russia. The list of private farms includes both formal and informal forms, such as private “peasant” farms created under land reforms, “ga-sterbeiter-gangs” which rent land for vegetable production from large enterprises in the southern and eastern regions of European Russia, people’s farms producing for themselves or for the market, and, last but not least, urban dwellers allotments attached to their dachas or next to rural houses they have inherited from rural relatives or bought and in orchard and garden cooperatives. In the chapter the market involvement of these different land users is compared and a typology developed based on their degree of commercialisation. The latter produces a much finer division of Russia’s private food producers than is captured in the official categorizations. The final section of the chapter discusses the types of conflict that can arise at the present time over land used for people’s farming by referring to two places where this is already a major problem – the south of European Russia and in the environs of Moscow city.

Finally chapter six discusses socio-economic change in rural Russia.

It includes a detailed discussion of what motivates rural small producers and their current problems. It argues that people’s farms have occupied the niche reserved in land reforms for private family farms of the “western” type and discusses the reasons for this. The economic, bureaucratic and socio-psycho-logical barriers to the development of capitalist farms in Russia are discussed. Sections of the chapter also discuss the specifics of the informal economy and the process of self-organisation in Russian farming and its relationship at different scales. Cross-cultural comparisons are made with the countries of East-Central Europe and China. The chapter concludes with a speculative discussion of the possible direction of development of small-scale private farming in Russia and the policy implications.

The two Conclusions are written by the two authors separately. Judith Pallot, although very familiar with Russia having visited and studied the country for many years, nevertheless, articulates an outsider’s view of rural Russia. For Tatyana Nefedova, as a Moscow dweller, village is also a “different” world but hers is more of the insider’s view informed by twenty years of systematic study of rural Russia.

The book is aimed at readers who are interested in the problems of rural Russia and agriculture but it should be of interest to t wider audience of people interested in the social geographical, demographic and ethnic problems of contemporary Russia.

Примечания

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При советской власти мы бесплатно, но вручную переписывали тома убогой статистики. Большая часть информации была засекречена не столько из соображений безопасности, сколько для того, чтобы скрыть от своего же населения провалы в экономике. Теперь в Москве и в регионах издается множество сборников, информацию можно получить в электронном виде, но… она стала очень дорогой. Или снова недоступной – уже в силу «коммерческой тайны».

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