Pathogenesis of cancer

Mononuclear oncogenesis uses known processes and structural organizations as prototypes, according to the principle “all this was already in the body, only at a different time, in a different place and with other cellular and non-cellular elements.” The prototype of the “pretumor” bed, presented as an isolated microcavity, is the structural organization and functioning of the yolk sac of the embryo. In this case, conditions close to embryonic ones arise inside the microcavity, and the “nascent” malignant stem cell conditionally repeats the beginning of embryonic hematopoiesis. The prototype of the structural organization and functioning of the primary malignant focus is the structural organization and functioning of the red bone marrow. In this case, the primary malignant focus is presented as an independent structural unit containing all the classical characteristics of the tissue, possessing autonomy of reproduction and the ability to spread in the host organism. A prototype of the relationships between the structural elements that make up the malignant process and the relationships At the same time, the malignant process is presented as an independent system, which is characterized by its own control over the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of malignant cells, their spread and metastasis, as well as the subordination of vital organs and systems of the host body.The prototype of the emergence, growth and development of a malignant process is embryonic hematopoiesis. In this case, the malignant process conditionally repeats in a distorted form all the stages of formation and successive changes in generations of stem cells of embryonic hematopoiesis.

BASE

The basis for the growth and development of Mononuclear oncogenesis is a malignant stem cell, and the basis for the “generation” of a malignant stem cell is the return of a tissue Mononuclear cell, which has genotypic and epigenetic changes, to the embryonic state during mitosis, a block of differentiation at the pluripotent or unipotent level and transformation. In the red bone marrow, under carcinogenic effects (ionizing radiation, exo- and endocarcinogens, viruses), a characteristic spectrum of disorders occurs at the gene, chromosomal and genomic levels: amplification (increase in the copy number of genes), deletions, insertions, translocations, micromutations (point substitutions, microdeletions, microinsertions), etc., a pluripotent precursor cell of the ancestor of myelopoiesis with subsequent development into a monocytic germ (class II) or a unipotent precursor cell of the ancestor of Monocytes (class III) according to a recessive trait. As a result, an initiated cell appears in the host organism — a mononuclear cell, which has genotypic changes in nuclear DNA, but is phenotypically presented as a normal cell (Promonocyte, Monocyte). The initiated cell, maintaining the stages of its development in the red bone marrow and vascular bed, enters the focus of chronic inflammation and finally enters an isolated microcavity. Here, surrounded by an aggressive oxygen-free environment, she develops structural changes in the cell membrane and chemical changes in the cytoplasm — epigenetic changes. A tissue mononuclear cell appears, which has genotypic and epigenetic changes — this is the potential precursor cell of the primary malignant stem cell of solid tumors. Such a mononuclear cell remains outwardly normal as long as it is in interphase, but as soon as it begins mitosis, all changes will become obvious and manifest themselves. It is known that every Promonocyte and Monocyte in tissues turns into an organ- and tissue-specific Macrophage during the process of transformation. Transformation is a series of cell divisions during which its phenotypic changes occur sequentially under the influence of the microenvironment. The promonocyte or Monocyte, having genotypic and epigenetic changes, attempts to transform into a Macrophage and begins the process of mitosis, during which a return to the embryonic state occurs. However, after mitosis, the level of genotypic changes appears, as a result of which a block of differentiation of daughter cells occurs and transformation, during which the nature of genotypic changes in nuclear DNA appears. As a result, an unstable active system is “born” — a malignant stem cell, which has retained many of the basic abilities and capabilities of the mother cell — tissue mononuclear cell (Promonocyte, Monocyte), which has not completely left the embryonic state and acquires new abilities of its new life: the possibility of uncontrolled division, autonomous regulation, immortality of the population, etc. A malignant stem cell is a proliferating somatic cell that has a certain level of potency, which corresponds to the level at which genotypic changes occurred in the bone marrow cell during hematopoiesis.