Paul and Jesus

Pseudo Clementines, 224, 225

Q source, 30, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 73, 88, 99, 148, 222, 223, 224

Republic (Cicero), 51–52

resurrection, 48–67

   Greek stories of, 88–89

   Greek view of, 50–52, 59, 60, 61, 250

   Hebrew view of, 50, 52–55, 56–58, 59, 60, 65, 66–67, 249–50

   Jesus movement’s understanding of, 58–59

   Jesus’ teaching on, 58, 88, 116–17, 250

   Paul’s expectation of, 125, 127, 254

   terminology for, 56

   see also Jesus, resurrection of

Resurrection, The: History and Myth (Vermes), 70–71

Revelation, 68

   20:13, 59

   21:14, 253

Robertson, A. T., 241

Roman Catholics:

   Eucharist view of, 153

   on Jesus’ brothers, 26

   Peter and Paul’s link by, 204

   Peter’s importance to, 23, 24

Roman Empire:

   Christianity’s emergence in, 7, 8, 24, 31, 131, 206–7, 222

   Christian persecution in, 155–56, 204, 242, 262–63

   ethical standards in, 188

   Jewish revolts in, 222–23, 233, 247, 249

   Judaism in, 31, 156, 184, 207, 222–23, 233, 247, 254

   Paul’s instructions regarding, 173–74

   slavery in, 171–72

   worldview of, 179

Romans, 9, 71, 216, 220, 227, 244

   1:1–5, 100

   1:3–4, 158

   1:4, 12

   1:6, 113

   1:20–23, 186

   1:26–27, 170

   1:26–32, 186

   2:9–10, 127

   2:9–12, 192

   2:12–16, 187

   2:16, 4, 111

   2:25–29, 180

   3:9–10, 192

   3:21–24, 109

   3:22, 256

   3:26, 256

   4:1–8, 109

   4:24–25, 114

   5:3, 159

   5:9, 110

   5:20, 192

   6:3–4, 140

   7:8–9, 191

   7:15–20, 191

   8, 110

   8:9–11, 118, 140

   8:10, 140

   8:11, 140

   8:14, 191

   8:15–16, 143

   8:15–17, 117

   8:17, 13, 117, 202

   8:17–18, 114

   8:18, 159

   8:19, 116, 126

   8:21, 14, 116, 128

   8:23, 118

   8:28, 159, 173

   8:29, 12, 116

   8:29–30, 113

   8:34, 158

   8:38, 124

   9–11, 207

   9:4, 92

   10:4, 183

   10:9–11, 142

   11:1, 98

   11:2–4, 98

   11:2–5, 95

   11:7–12, 99

   11:13, 100

   11:13–15, 104

   11:17, 99

   11:25, 105, 255

   11:29, 98

   13:1–2, 174

   13:7, 174

   13:10, 256

   14:5–9, 207

   15:8–9, 18, 101

   15:12, 101

   15:16, 102

   15:18, 103

   15:23–29, 105

   15:25–29, 231

   16:1–16, 206

   16:4–5, 206

   16:16, 258

   16:20, 124, 158, 167

   16:25, 4, 108, 111, 255

   16:25–26, 101

   16:26, 102

   justification teachings in, 110

Rome, Paul’s mission in, 206–7

Sadducees, 58, 246

St. Peter’s Basilica, 242

St. Peter’s Square, Rome, 203, 204

Salome, 77

salvation:

   Christian belief about, xv, 25

   James’ writing on, 43

   Paul’s belief about, 91, 101, 109–10, 113–18, 121, 125–28, 133, 181–82

Samuel, 53

1 Samuel:

   9:21, 232

   28:8–15, 53

Sanhedrin, 37

Satan, Paul’s view of, 112, 124, 158, 159, 195, 231

Saul, King, 53

Schonfield, Hugh, 70

Schweitzer, Albert, 106, 160, 256, 263

Second Apocalypse of James, 50.15–22, 37

“Sermon on the Mount,” 41, 44

“Sermon on the Plain,” 41, 44

Severus, Septimius, 253

sexuality:

   Greek views of, 161, 170

   Jewish view of, 161, 162, 165–66, 170, 187, 188

   Paul’s views on, 160–71, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190–91, 259, 260

Shammai, 254

Shanks, Hershel, 25, 246

Sheol, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 250

Similitudes of Enoch, 94

Simon, 223

Simon of Perea, 66–67, 243

sin, 192

sin, forgiveness of:

   of cosmic family, 114

   Hebrew understanding of, 43

   Jesus’ teaching on, 43, 46

   Paul’s teaching on, 24, 109, 110, 114

Sinai, Mount, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98

Sixtus V, Pope, 204

slavery, 171–75

   Paul’s views on, 171, 172–75

   in Roman Empire, 171–72

Smyrneans, 7, 154

Socrates, 51

soul:

   Greek view of, 50–52, 59, 60

   Paul’s view of, 60

Southern, Paul, 241

spiritual body:

   baptismal signification of, 144

   of Christ, 11, 12, 14, 88, 115

   creation of, 12–13, 118

   Jesus movement’s understanding of, 58, 59

   mystical union with, 14

   Paul’s understanding of, 11, 12–13, 60, 62–63, 64, 106, 113, 115–16, 118, 140–41, 250–51

spiritual gifts, 143–44, 146, 152, 165

Stephen, 232

Stoics, 61, 134

Strauss, David, 264

Suetonius, 207

Swoon Theory, 70

Symmachians, 223

Tacitus, 262–63

Talmud, 261

Tarsus, 232, 233

Tertullian, 70

theophagy, 150

1 Thessalonians, 9, 71, 216, 227, 233–234, 244

   1:9b-10, 183

   1:10, 127, 234

   2:7–8, 196

   2:9, 10, 231

   2:11–12, 196

   2:19, 234

   3:13, 234

   4:6, 170

   4:8, 197

   4:13, 106

   4:13–18, 234

   4:14, 254

   4:15–17, 115

   4:16, 125

   4:16b-17, 106

   4:17, 105

   5:1–5, 234

   5:2–3, 127

   5:9, 110

   5:9–10, 127

   5:23, 155, 234

   5:26, 258

   ethical instructions in, 196, 197

2 Thessalonians, 7, 228, 229, 244

   2:1–3, 229

   2:15, 229

   3:6–15, 229

Theudas, 243

Things Unutterable (Tabor), xvii

Thomas, 79, 85

Thucydides, 264

Tiberius, 171

1 Timothy, 7, 209, 228, 244, 254

   2:1–4, 229

   2:11–14, 166

   2:14–15, 167

   3:1–13, 229

   4:14, 258

   5:1–16, 229

   5:17–19, 229

   6:6–10, 229

   women in, 166, 167

2 Timothy, 7, 209, 228, 244, 254

   1:6, 258

   2:9, 259

   4:6–8, 262

   4:11, 8

   4:16, 19

Tiro, 172

Titus, 7, 209, 228, 244, 254

   1:5–9, 229

   3:1, 229

Titus (Roman emperor), 247

Toledot Yeshu, The, 251

Torah:

   James’ adherence to, 40, 209, 212

   Jewish emphasis on, 96–97, 179, 180, 184, 215, 223

   Moses’ revelation of, 92, 96

   Paul’s replacement of, 16, 17, 96, 97, 133, 152, 175, 182, 183, 192, 201, 202, 210–11, 214–15, 216, 223

   renewal of, 99

   scholarship of, 254

   sin in, 192

   women in, 165

Torah of Christ, 16–17, 96, 97, 100, 176–202, 211

   adherence to, 184–200

   as internal moral battle, 190

   Paul’s authority in, 194–200

   Paul’s written references to, 189–90

   spiritual focus of, 202

Trajan, 156

Transjordan, 223

Trobisch, David, 249

Trypho, 88

Vermes, Geza, 70–71

Vespasian, 59, 222, 247

Vettii, House of the, 172

Western civilization, Paul’s influence on, xvii