Первые цивилизации

In the book the civilization is examined as the socio-cultural system related to a specific level of social development. Formation of class relations as well as the state foundation is that level with different steps for the first civilizations. They represent the epochal phenomenon that have been promoted on the proscenium of the Old and New Worlds at the end of the primitive ages. Combination of high producted and large-scale agriculture with specialized crafts were typical for the technological side of production. Both creation of the elite subculture and a great number of cultural innovations allow stating that the cultural revolution took place in the ages where the first civilizations were formated. Their type is strictly interpreted in a number of ancient cultures; each of them has its distinguished unrepeatable traits in the technological side of production, in ideology, in social psychology in aesthetical canons. A number of ancient civilizations known in a considerable extent thanks to archaeological discoveries are characterised in the book from the above mentioned positions. Study of processes of cultural genesis according to archaeological data has become the basis for methodological analyses. Culturological reconstructions occupy the determine place in procedure of scientific analysis following the archaeologicial systematization (fig. 2). Typology of the ancient cultures is an important element in analyses where the epochal, regional and local cultural types are notable (fig. 1, 45). Mechanism of cultural changing is connected with the dialectical interaction of traditions and innovations (fig. 3). The latters are often emerged from combinations of traditional elements composed in a new unusual way (fig. 4). After passing through stereotypization stage the innovation itself appears as an element of traditional culture. Among aspects of cultural development one should mark out the spontaneous and the stimulated transformation (fig. 6). Culturological approach allows to study such important phenomenon as the mode of life accurately responded to both epochal and social changes. A special attention is given to the cultural progress, complication of the concrete historical development when the regress and disintegration trends as well as reverting of societies to a lower level of development are possible. Civilization rises to the early agricultural epoch. In this respect creation of a stable system of consummation products, start of development of a great number of specialized manufactures and formation of a new mode of life with the rich world of things appeared the primordial phenomena. The early agricultural site Chatal-Huiik (fig. 7) reveals this and achievements in art. Although with general regularities in this period one should notice also a considerable variety both in culture and in agricultural system. Not all the early agricultural system and bound with them economical structures have been found as perspective ones in a like manner from the further progress point of view. Broad archaeological investigations throw better light on all the real difficult roads in process of historical development.

In Mesopotamia a real chain of subsequent stages is leading from the early agricultural complexes (fig. 14) to the Sumerian civilization (fig. 19) which can be treated as a standard model for a regional cultural type. Both spontaneous transformation and creation of cultural innovations through mutation are fully represented here. In the Northern Syria the progress paces are slacken (fig. 24). At a certain stage the high developed centres influenced the increasing role of stimulated transformation. In Palestine with the available cultural raising in the epoch of archaic agriculturists (Jerikho) subsequent evolution became slacken, culture changed into provincial one (fig. 25) and used Mesopotamian and Egyptian standards. In Asia Minor the early farmers cultural success was more impressionable than that in Palestine (fig. 26). Irregular character of culture resulted in developed military function as well as the role of military leaders (fig. 28) in the III mil. В. С Mesopotamian standards also play the leading part as it was in the Northern Syria at its formation stage.