Читаем Позитивные изменения. Города будущего. Тематический выпуск, 2022 / Positive changes. The cities of the future. Special issue, 2022 полностью

Позитивные изменения. Города будущего. Тематический выпуск, 2022 / Positive changes. The cities of the future. Special issue, 2022

The value of living in a particular city is determined by what living scenarios are available to a person. Is it just a bedroom community with a business center, or is there a wide range of "third," public, places available to city dwellers? The mandatory set of infrastructure facilities includes:

• park areas;

• sports fields;

• neighborhood centers;

• retail stores;

• entertainment and recreational facilities;

• schools / kindergartens;

• healthcare institutions;

• sociocultural sites.

Recent large-sample empirical studies of the demand for residential estate show that apartment buyers give weight to the availability of infrastructure such as stores, public transportation, recreational facilities, medical and educational institutions (Su et al., 2021). Apartments located close to such infrastructure usually sell for more, and therefore are in greater demand.

5. OPENNESS AND SHARED URBAN SPACES

Shared use of social infrastructure areas and buildings is important to establish social connections and prevent isolation of social groups and spaces. Schools, lecture halls, exhibition spaces, a theater, a swimming pool, a gymnasium, stadiums and playgrounds in the neighborhood, municipal administration spaces (such as meeting rooms) should become part of the well-being of all neighborhood residents and be open to them in the evening, sometimes even during the day and on weekends.

Reliance on the community of residents is noted as a feature of the Brighter World format projects being implemented in Russia, where the community is formed around the neighborhood infrastructure.

6. POLYCENTRICITY AND CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN ATTRACTION POINTS FOR RESIDENTS

The principle of territorial development, wherein comfort depends on the provision of all possible amenities and services within walking distance from the place of residence, as well as the possibility of local application of labor. It contributes to the principles of organizing the territory of the City of the Future and filling it with infrastructure.

The example of a polycentric orientation in Russian development is quite obvious — the emergence of New Moscow is positioned precisely as a polycentric response to the challenges of the Russian capital (Kotov et al., 2016). A few years ago, the points of attraction in Moscow were increasingly getting concentrated in the city center, causing a degradation of residential areas and decreasing transport accessibility in the downtown. With the establishment of alternative centers of gravity like the Moscow City and the New Moscow, some experts are hoping for a change in the status quo.

7. NEW MOBILITY AND PEDESTRIAN PRIORITY

This is the principle of 15-minute accessibility of all necessary infrastructure and well-thought-out walking routes. A variety of pedestrian routes and short distances between points of attraction allow residents to walk more without falling behind the rhythm of city life. At the same time, extensive transport network and safe speeds create comfortable conditions for any other form of travel: by bicycle or scooter, by bus, and in the extreme case by car.

The British sociologist John Urry presents the human being as a creature existing within time, and therefore in need of some kind of mobility — cultural, social, etc. Therefore, the city becomes a set of mobilities that are available to the individual in varying degrees. From this perspective, sidewalks become not just infrastructure, but places for social activity (Urry, 2012).

Many of the proposed principles are already being implemented in newly developed spaces within various neighborhoods and even cities. This sets a new fashion for sustainable development practices of areas.