Sapiens. Краткая история человечества

⁸⁹ Maddison, World Economy, vol. 1, 261, 264; ‘Gross National Income Per Capita 2009, Atlas Method and PPP’, The World Bank, accessed December 10,2010, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/ Resources/GNIPC.pdf.

⁹⁰ Этот пример с пекарней не слишком точен по расчетам. Поскольку банк вправе одалживать $10 на каждый имеющийся у него $1, банки могут выдавать предпринимателям по $909 тысяч из миллиона, резервируя $91 тысячу. Но, чтобы облегчить жизнь читателям, я предпочел круглые числа. Тем более банки не так уж и строго придерживаются этих правил.

⁹¹ Carl Trocki, Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy (New York: Routledge, 1999), 91.

⁹² Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History (London: Zed Books, 2002), 22.

⁹³ Mark, Origins of the Modern World, 109.

⁹⁴ Nathan S. Lewis and Daniel G. Nocera, ‘Powering the Planet: Chemical Challenges in Solar Energy Utilization, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103:43 (2006), 15731.

⁹⁵ Kazuhisa Miyamoto (ed.), ‘Renewable Biological Systems for Alternative Sustainable Energy Production, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 128 (Osaka: Osaka University, 1997), chapter 2.1.1, accessed December 10, 2010, http://www.fao.org/docrep/W7241E/w7241e06.ht m#2.1.1percent20solarpercent20energy; James Barber, ‘Biological Solar Energy^’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 365:1853 (2007), 1007

⁹⁶ ‘International Energy Outlook 2010’>, U.S. Energy Information Administration, 9, accessed December 10, 2010, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ ieo/pdf/0484(2010). pdf.

⁹⁷ S. Venetsky, ‘"Silver" from Clay’, Metallurgist 13:7 (1969), 451; Affalion, Fred, A History of the International Chemical Industry (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), 64; A. J. Downs, Chemistry of Aluminum, Gallium, Indium and Thallium (Glasgow: Blackie Academic 8c Professional, 1993), 15.

⁹⁸ Jan Willem Erisman et al, ‘How a Century of Ammonia Synthesis Changed the World’ in Nature Geoscience 1 (2008), 637.

⁹⁹ G. J. Benson and В. E. Rollin (eds.), The Well-Being of Farm Animals: Challenges and Solutions (Ames, IA: Blackwell, 2004); M.C. Appleby, J. A. Mench, and B. O. Hughes, Poultry Behaviour and Welfare (Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2004); J. Webster, Animal Welfare: Limping Towards Eden (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005); C. Druce and P. Lymbery, Outlawed in Europe: How America Is Falling Behind Europe in Farm Animal Welfare (New York: Archimedean Press, 2002).

¹⁰⁰ Harry Harlow and Robert Zimmermann, ‘Affectional Responses in the Infant Monkey’>, Science 130: 3373 (1959), 421–432; Harry Harlow, ‘The Nature of Love’>, American Psychologist 13 (1958), 673–685; Laurens D. Young et al., 'Early stress and later response to seprate in rhesus monkeys', American Journal of Psychiatry 130:4 (1973), 400–405; K. D. Broad, J. P. Curley and E. B. Keverne, 'Mother-infant bonding and the evolution of mammalian social relationships’>, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Soceity В 361:1476 (2006), 2199–2214; Florent Pittet et al., ‘Effects of maternal experience on fearfulness and maternal behaviour in a precocial bird’>, Animal Behavior (March 2013), In Press-available online at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/ S0003347213000547.

¹⁰¹ "National Institute of Food and Agriculture", United States Department of Agriculture, accessed December 10, 2010, http://www.csrees.usda. gov/qlinks/extension.html.

¹⁰² Vaclav Smil, The Earth s Biosphere: Evolution, Dynamics, and Change (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002); Sarah Catherine Walpole et al., ‘The Weight of Nations: An Estimation of Adult Human Biomass’, BMC Public Health 12:439 (2012), http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/439.