Щебечущая машина

Печально известный эксперимент c «эмоциональным заражением». . Adam D. I. Kramer, Jamie E. Guillory and Jeffrey T. Hancock, ‘Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks’, PNAS, 111 (24), 2014, pp. 8788–8790.

На площади Тахрир союз исламистов. . Atef Shahat Said, ‘The Tahrir Effect: History, Space, and Protest in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011’, University of Michigan, 2014.

Сокращение расходов на организацию. . Thomas Rid, Cyber War Will Not Take Place, Oxford University Press: New York, 2013, p. 28.

И, как показал анализ Паоло Гербаудо. . Paolo Gerbaudo, The Digital Party, Pluto Press: London, 2019, pp. 25–6.

Другой вербовщик отвечал на Ask.fm на вопросы. . Laurie Segall, ‘ISIS recruiting tactics: Apple pie and video games’, CNN, 30 September 2014; Wendy Andhika Prajuli, ‘On social media, ISIS uses fantastical propaganda to recruit members’, The Conversation (www.theconversation.com), 4 December 2017.

К 2014 году, когда батальоны смерти иракского правительства. . Martin Chulov, ‘Isis: the inside story’, Guardian, 11 December 2014; Michael Weiss and Hassan Hassan, ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror, Regan Arts: New York, 2016; Patrick Cockburn, The Rise of the Islamic State: ISIS and the New Sunni Revolution, Verso: London and New York, 2016, pp. 42–5.

По оценкам, к февралю 2015 года в Twitter ежедневно. . James P. Farwell, ‘The Media Strategy of ISIS’, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 56:6, 2014, pp. 49–5; Ben Makuch, ‘ISIS’s Favorite Hashtag Is a Weapon of War’, Motherboard (www.motherboard.vice.com), 27 June 2014; Emerson T. Brooking and P. W. Singer, ‘War Goes Viral’, The Atlantic, November 2016; Emerson T. Brooking and P. W. Singer, LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt: Boston, MA, 2018.

Большинство роликов, скорее всего, снял. . Majid Alfifi, Parisa Kaghazgaran, James Caverlee and Fred Morstatter, ‘Measuring the Impact of ISIS Social Media Strategy’, MIS2: Misinformation and Misbehavior Mining on the Web (workshop), Los Angeles, CA, 2018; Matt Broomfield, ‘Twitter Shuts Down 125,000 Isis-Linked Accounts’, Independent, 6 February 2016; Lisa Blaker, ‘The Islamic State’s Use of Online Social Media’, Military Cyber Affairs: The Journal of the Military Cyber Professionals Association, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2015; Jason Burke, ‘“Gangsta jihadi” Denis Cuspert killed fighting in Syria’, Guardian, 19 January 2018.

Как бы то ни было, ИГИЛ прославилось. . Laura Ryan, ‘Al-Qaida and ISIS Use Twitter Differently. Here’s How and Why’, National Journal (wwwnationaljournal.com), 9 October 2014; Kyle J. Greene, ‘ISIS: Trends in Terrorist Media and Propaganda’, International Studies Capstone Research Papers, 3, 2015.