Sherlock Holmes in Russia

The name of the private detective from Baker Street was not just a matter of renown, but it came to be used as a common noun. For three decades, a synonym for the word ‘detective’ had been Monsieur Lecoq, agent of the Criminal Investigation police from the works of Emile Gaboriau, but now it became the eponym (and is still so to this very day), Sherlock Holmes. He cast a spell over the hearts and minds of thousands of Russian fans. He was no longer a creature of his creator, but now belonged to everybody, a supranational phenomenon. Wildly successful plays were staged of his exploits, little boys imitated him, adults tried to imitate his methods, he was parodied, his name graced signboards and goods labels. And everyone read accounts of his adventures, even members of royal families. The diary of the last Russian emperor, Nicholas II, records that he read the following (in the original) to his family, The Valley of Fear, The Hound of the Baskervilles, A Study in Scarlet, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. The Emperor read so-called ‘continental’ editions, published in English in Leipzig by the heirs of Baron von Tauchnitz. Today they have become priceless collectors’ pieces, though at one time the ones that got to Russia were sold abroad for pennies by ignorant and uncultivated Bolsheviks. Today they are safeguarded by the library of the University of Minnesota.

Sherlock Holmes became more than a literary hero. He became virtually real, an outstanding contemporary, a great expert in crime detection, a psychologist of great depth and a zealous man of science. There is an unusual brochure by the psychiatrist Michael Mayevsky, Conan Doyle: The Adventures of the Detective Sherlock Holmes, Vilna, 1904. The psychiatrist had made a detailed study of the Sherlock Holmes stories, a detailed analysis of the psychological and professional aspect of the detective’s personality, examined his work methods in detail, and their underlying scientific basis. He pays particular attention to his powers of observation, logic, deductive and inductive thinking, how he comes to make correct conclusions. ‘These stories,’ writes Mayevsky, ‘represent a eulogy in praise of logic, in honour of man’s acute powers of observation, trained by considerable human experience … an example of penetration into a single chosen sphere of knowledge … clearly, precisely and entertainingly set out … a collection of … subtle and witty intellectual conclusions.’ Holmes, says the author of the brochure, might be an amateur in his profession, however ‘by no means a dilettante, but a scholar of depth’.

However, other times were approaching; mass culture had arrived and in 1907, in Russia, a Sherlock Holmes to whom Sir Arthur Conan Doyle had no connection, was fated to appear.