The Historians' History of the World 01

: 655-322

B.C.

)

180

Psamthek,

180

. The good king Sabach (Shabak) and Psammetichus,

184

. The restoration in Egypt,

185

. The Persian conquest and the end of Egyptian autonomy,

188

. The atrocities of Cambyses,

191

.

CHAPTER IX

Manners and Customs of the Egyptians

196

The position of the king,

198

. Weapons of war,

202

. Battle methods,

205

. Social customs,

208

. The Egyptians as seen by Herodotus,

212

. Homes of the people,

216

.

CHAPTER X

The Egyptian Religion

219

Religious festivals and offerings,

222

. Gifts and riches of temples,

225

. Diodorus on animal worship,

228

. A modern account of the worship of Apis, the sacred bull,

232

. The methods of embalming the dead,

236

.

CHAPTER XI

Egyptian Culture

240

The hieroglyphics,

249

. “By what characters, pictures, and images the learned Egyptians expressed the mysteries of their mindes,”

250

. The riddle of the sphinx,

251

. Literature,

257

. The Castaway: a tale of the twelfth dynasty,

260

.

CHAPTER XII

Concluding Summary of Egyptian History

263

APPENDIX A

Classical Traditions

267

Another ancient account of the Nile,

273

. A Greek view of the origins of Egyptian history,

278

.

APPENDIX B

The Problem of Egyptian Chronology

287

Manetho’s table of the Egyptian dynasties,

291

.

Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters

293

A General Bibliography of Egyptian History

295

PART III. MESOPOTAMIA

Introductory Essay. The Relations of Babylonia with other Semitic Countries.

By Joseph Halévy

309

Mesopotamian History in Outline

(6000-538

B.C.

)

318

CHAPTER I

Land and People

337

The land,

338

. Original peoples of Babylon: the Sumerians,

342

. The Semitic Babylonians,

344

. The original home of the Babylonian Semite,

347

.

CHAPTER II

Old Babylonian History

(

ca.

4500-745

B.C.

)

349

The beginnings of history,

351

. The rulers of Shirpurla,

351

. Kings of Kish and Gishban,

356

. The first dynasty of Ur,

359

. Kings of Agade,

360

. The kings of Ur,

363

. Accession of a south Arabian dynasty,

363

. The Kassite dynasty,

364

. Assyrian conquest of Babylon,

364

.

CHAPTER III

The Rise of Assyria

(

ca.

3000-726

B.C.

)

366

Land and people,

369

. Assyrian capitals: Asshur and Nineveh,

371

. The rise of Assyria,

372

. The first great Assyrian conqueror,

377

. The reign and cruelty of Asshurnazirpal,

380

. Shalmaneser II and his successors,

387

. Tiglathpileser III,

391

. Shalmaneser IV,

395

.

CHAPTER IV

Four Generations of Assyrian Greatness

(722-626

B.C.

)

397

Sennacherib,

403

. Esarhaddon and Asshurbanapal,

416

. Esarhaddon’s reign,

419

. Asshurbanapal’s early years,

425

. The Brothers’ War,

431

. The last wars of Asshurbanapal,

434

.

CHAPTER V

The Decline and Fall of Assyria

(626-606

B.C.

)

438

Last years and fall of the Assyrian Empire,

440

.

CHAPTER VI

Renascence and Fall of Babylon

(555-538

B.C.

)

446

Contemporary chronology,

448

. Nabopolassar and Nebuchadrezzar,

449

. The followers of Nebuchadrezzar,

453

. The reign of Nabonidus,

455

.

CHAPTER VII

Manners and Customs of Babylonia-Assyria

460

War methods,

460

. Our sources,

461

. Assyrian war costumes and war methods,

468

. The arts of peace in Babylonia-Assyria,

472

. Babylon and its customs described by an eye-witness,

473

. A later classical account of Babylon,

479

. The commerce of the Babylonians,

484

. Ships among the Assyrians,

491

. Laws of the Babylonians and Assyrians,

494

. Sale of a slave,

496

. Sale of a house,

497

. The code of Khammurabi,

498

. The discovery of the code,

498

. Miscellaneous regulations,

501

. Regulations concerning slaves,

502

. Provisions concerning robbery,

502

. Concerning leases and tillage,

503

. Concerning canals,

504

. Commerce, debt,

504

. Domestic legislation, divorce, inheritance,

505

. Laws concerning adoption,

509

. Laws of recompense,

509

. Regulations concerning physicians and veterinary surgeons,

510

. Illegal branding of slaves,

510

. Regulations concerning builders,

511

. Regulations concerning shipping,

511

. Regulations concerning the hiring of animals, farming, wages, etc.,

511

. Regulations concerning the buying of slaves,

513

.

CHAPTER VIII

The Religion of the Babylonians and Assyrians

515

The Assyrian story of the creation,

520

. The Babylonian religion,

521

. The epic of Gilgamish,

525

. Ishtar’s descent into Hades,

530

.

CHAPTER IX

Babylonian and Assyrian Culture

534

Literature and science,

536

. Epistolary literature,

539

. Art,

543

. Assyrian art,

552

. Assyrian sculpture and the evolution of art,

558

. A classical estimate of Chaldean philosophy and astrology,

563

. The Babylonian year,

565

. The Babylonian day and its division into hours,

566

. Assyrian science,

567

.

APPENDIX A

Classical Traditions

571

The Creation and the Flood, described by Polyhistor,

573

. Other classical fragments: of the Chaldean kings,

575

. Of the Chaldean kings and the deluge,

576

. Of the tower of Babel,

577

. Of Abraham,

577

. Of Nabonassar,

577

. Of the destruction of the Jewish Temple,

577

. Of Nebuchadrezzar,

577

. Of the Chaldean kings after Nebuchadrezzar,

578

. Of the feast of Sacea,

579

. A fragment of Megasthenes concerning Nebuchadrezzar,

579

. Ninus and Semiramis,

580

. Semiramis builds a great city,

584

. Semiramis begins a career of conquest,

588

. Semiramis invades India,

589

. Another view of Semiramis,

593

. Reign of Ninyas to Sardanapalus,

594

. The destruction of Nineveh,

598

.