The Historians' History of the World 04

. The Thebans in the Peloponnesus,

172

. Founding of Messene,

175

. Athens in league with Sparta,

177

. Second invasion of Peloponnesus,

177

. Expedition into Thessaly,

180

. An embassy to Persia and a congress at Thebes,

182

.

CHAPTER XLVI

When Thebes was Supreme

(368-360

B.C.

)

185

Joint work of Epaminondas and Pelopidas,

185

. The end of Pelopidas,

189

. Battle of Mantinea and death of Epaminondas,

191

. Xenophon’s account of how Epaminondas fought,

194

. Grote’s estimate of Epaminondas,

196

. Confusion following Epaminondas’ fall,

199

.

CHAPTER XLVII

The Tyrants in Sicily

(410-337

B.C.

)

202

CHAPTER XLVIII

The Rise of Macedonia

(490-357

B.C.

)

208

Early history of Macedonia,

210

. Philip, the organiser,

215

. Military discipline,

216

. Macedonian culture,

217

. Olympias, mother of Alexander,

219

. The Macedonian phalanx,

220

. The waxing of Philip,

221

.

CHAPTER XLIX

The Triumphs of Philip

(359-336

B.C.

)

222

Demosthenes, the orator,

222

. Æschines, the rival of Demosthenes,

223

. The unpopularity of Demosthenes,

224

. Philip’s better side,

225

. The Sacred War,

227

. The First Philippic,

227

. Philip and Athens,

229

. A treaty of peace,

231

. Punishment of the Phocians,

232

. The attitude of the Athenians,

232

. The Macedonian party,

233

. The patriotic party,

234

. Philip’s intrigues and the outbreak of war,

235

. The Third Philippic,

236

. Philip returns to the fray,

237

. Siege of Perinthus and Byzantium,

238

. Decline of Philip’s prestige; the Scythian expedition,

238

. The crusade against Amphissa,

239

. Alliance between Athens and Thebes,

241

. The armies in the plain of Chæronea,

243

. Battle of Chæronea,

245

. Philip takes Thebes,

247

. Peace of Demades,

248

. Philip in Peloponnesus,

249

. Political schemes; family broils,

250

. The death of Philip,

251

. A summing-up of Philip’s character,

253

. Grote’s estimate of Philip,

254

.

CHAPTER L

Alexander the Great

(336-335

B.C.

)

256

Philip and Alexander compared by Justin,

257

. Alexander’s youth according to Quintus Curtius,

258

. Aristotle as his teacher,

261

. Bucephalus,

263

. Alexander’s first deeds,

263

. Demosthenes ridicules Alexander,

265

. Alexander dashes through Greece,

267

. Alexander winnows the North,

268

. The revolt of Thebes,

269

. The fate of Thebes,

271

.

CHAPTER LI

Alexander Invades Asia

(334

B.C.

)

274

Schemes of conquest,

274

. The problem and the troops,

276

. The size of the army,

277

. The phalanx and the cavalry,

278

. The light troops,

280

. The condition of the Persian Empire,

281

. The entry into Asia, according to Arrian,

283

. Battle of the Granicus,

284

. Courage and danger of Alexander,

287

. Effects of Alexander’s victory,

289

.

CHAPTER LII

Issus and Tyre

(334-332

B.C.

)

290

Halicarnassus,

292

. Gordium,

295

. Darius musters a new host,

297

. Darius at Issus,

299

. Preparing for battle,

301

. Battle of Issus,

302

. Flight of Darius,

303

. From Issus to Tyre,

305

. The siege of Tyre,

307

.

CHAPTER LIII

From Gaza to Arbela

(332-331

B.C.

)

312

The siege of Gaza according to Arrian,

312

. Incidents from Quintus Curtius,

314

. Alexander in Egypt,

315

. The visit to Ammon,

317

. Alexander leaves Egypt,

318

. Battle of Arbela,

320

.

CHAPTER LIV

The Fall of Persia

(331-327

B.C.

)

329

The entry into Babylon described by Quintus Curtius,

329

. At the border of Persia,

331

. A shepherd guide,

332

. The released captives; sacking Persepolis,

334

. Curtius tells of the enormous loot,

335

. Curtius describes an orgy and the burning of Persepolis,

336

. The new meaning of the conquest,

338

. The pursuit of Darius,

338

. Conspiracies against Alexander,

342

. Capture of Bessus,

346

. Limit of Alexander’s progress northward,

348

. Alexander murders his friend,

348

. Remorse of Alexander,

350

. Conspiracy of the royal pages,

353

.

CHAPTER LV

The Conquest of India

(327-324

B.C.

)

355

The war with Porus,

358

. The eastern limit,

360

. The march to the West,

362

. The brave Mallians,

363

. Alexander’s severe wound and the army’s grief,

365

. The desert march,

367

. Excesses and cruelties described by Curtius,

369

. The return of Nearchus,

371

.

CHAPTER LVI

The End of Alexander

(324-323

B.C.

)

375

His projects,

375

. The marriage of Greece with Persia,

377

. The mutiny,

379

. The last expedition,

383

. Grief for Hephæstion,

384

. To Babylon,

386

. Last illness,

390

. The death-bed of Alexander,

391

.

CHAPTER LVII

Various Estimates of Alexander

393

His vices and virtues (Arrian),

393

. His favour with fortune (Ælianus),

394

. If Alexander had attempted Rome (Livy),

395

. A patriotic estimate of Rome’s greatness,

398

. His invincibility (Grote),

399

. His meanness (Ménard and Rollin),

401

. His evil influence (Niebuhr),

403

. His motives (Droysen),

405

. His effect on federalisation (Pöhlmann),

407

. His heritage (Hegel),

408

. Alexander’s true glory (Wheeler),

409

.

CHAPTER LVIII

Greece during the Life of Alexander

(333-323

B.C.

)

410

Confederacy against Macedonia,

411

. War in Greece,

412

. Affairs at Athens,

413

. Demosthenes and Æschines,

414

. Deification of Alexander; the gold of Harpalus,

416

.

CHAPTER LIX

The Successors of Alexander

(323-232

B.C.

)

420

Council at Babylon after Alexander’s death,

422

. Perdiccas, Meleager, Eumenes, and the puppet king,

425

. The compact,

426

. The partition,

427

. Alexander’s posthumous plans,

428

. Alexander’s funeral described by Diodorus,

430