The History of Rome

The Etruscan people, or Ras[1], as they called themselves, present a most striking contrast to the Latin and Sabellian Italians as well as to the Greeks. They were distinguished from these nations by their very bodily structure: instead of the slender and symmetrical proportions of the Greeks and Italians, the sculptures of the Etruscans exhibit only short sturdy figures with large head and thick arms. Their manners and customs also, so far as we are acquainted with them, point to a deep and original diversity from the Graeco-Italian stocks. The religion of the Tuscans in particular, presenting a gloomy fantastic character and delighting in the mystical handling of numbers and in wild and horrible speculations and practices, is equally remote from the clear rationalism of the Romans and the genial image-worship of the Hellenes. The conclusion which these facts suggest is confirmed by the most important and authoritative evidence of nationality, the evidence of language. The remains of the Etruscan tongue which have reached us, numerous as they are and presenting as they do various data to aid in deciphering it, occupy a position of isolation so complete, that not only has no one hitherto succeeded in interpreting these remains, but no one has been able even to determine precisely the place of Etruscan in the classification of languages. Two periods in the development of the language may be clearly distinguished. In the older period the vocalization of the language was completely carried out, and the collision of two consonants was almost without exception avoided[2]. By throwing off the vocal and consonantal terminations, and by the weakening or rejection of the vowels, this soft and melodious language was gradually changed in character, and became intolerably harsh and rugged[3]. They changed for example ramu*af into ram*a, Tarquinius into Tarchnaf, Minerva into Menrva, Menelaos, Polydeukes, Alexandros, into Menle, Pultuke

, Elchsentre. The indistinct and rugged nature of their pronunciation is shown most clearly by the fact that at a very early period the Etruscans made no distinction of -o from -u, -b from -p, -c from -g, -d from -t. At the same time the accent was, as in Latin and in the more rugged Greek dialects, uniformly thrown back upon the initial syllable. The aspirate consonants were treated in a similar fashion; while the Italians rejected them with the exception of the aspirated -b or the -f, and the Greeks, reversing the case, rejected this sound and retained the others -theta, -phi, -chi, the Etruscans allowed the softest and most pleasing of them, the -phi, to drop entirely except in words borrowed from other languages, but made use of the other three to an extraordinary extent, even where they had no proper place; Thetis for example became Thethis, Telephus Thelaphe, Odysseus Utuze or Uthuze Of the few terminations and words, whose meaning has been ascertained, the greater part are far remote from all Graeco-Italian analogies; such as, all the numerals; the termination -al employed as a designation of descent, frequently of descent from the mother, e. g. Cania, which on a bilingual inscription of Chiusi is translated by Cainnia natus and the termination -sa in the names of women, used to indicate the clan into which they have married, e. g. Lecnesadenoting the spouse of a Licinius

. So cela or clan with the inflection clensi means son; se(-chi) daughter; ril year; the god Hermes becomes Turms, Aphrodite Turan, Hephaestos SethlansBakchos Fufluns

. Alongside of these strange forms and sounds there certainly occur isolated analogies between the Etruscan and the Italian languages.  Proper names are formed, substantially, after the general Italian system. The frequent gentile termination enas or ena[4] recurs in the termination enus which is likewise of frequent occurrence in Italian, especially in Sabellian clan-names; thus the Etruscan names Maecenas and Spurinna correspond closely to the Roman Maecius and Spurius. A number of names of divinities, which occur as Etruscan on Etruscan monuments or in authors, have in their roots, and to some extent even in their terminations, a form so thoroughly Latin, that, if these names were really originally Etruscan, the two languages must have been closely related; such as Usil

(sun and dawn, connected with ausum, aurum, aurora, solMinerva (menervare) Lasa (lascivus), Neptunus, Voltumna. As these analogies, however, may have had their origin only in the subsequent political and religious relations between the Etruscans and Latins, and in the accommodations and borrowings to which these relations gave rise, they do not invalidate the conclusion to which we are led by the other observed phenomena, that the Tuscan language differed at least as widely from all the Graeco-Italian dialects as did the language of the Celts or of the Slavonians. So at least it sounded to the Roman ear; "Tuscan and Gallic" were the languages of barbarians, "Oscan and Volscian" were but rustic dialects.