Восхождение денег

24 Преимущества итальянских городов, поощрявших еврейские поселения, описаны у Maristella Botticini, ‘A Tale of “Benevolent” Governments: Private Credit Markets, Public Finance, and the Role of Jewish Lenders in Renaissance Italy’, Journal of Economic History, 60, 1 (3/2000). Pp. 164–189.

25 Frederic C. Lane, Venice: A Maritime Republic (Baltimore, 1973). P 300.

26 Idem, ‘Venetian Bankers, 1496–1533: A Study in the Early Stages of Deposit Banking’, Journal of Political Economy, 45, 2 (4/1937). Pp. 187–206.

27 Benjamin С. I. Ravid, ‘The First Charter of the Jewish Merchants of Venice’, AJS Review, 1 (1976). Pp. 19off.

28 Idem, ‘The Legal Status of the Jewish Merchants of Venice, 1541–1638’, Journal of Economic History, 35,1 (March 1975). Pp. 274–279.

29 Rhiannon Edward, ‘Loan Shark Charged 11m per cent Interest’, Scotsman, 18/8/2006.

30 John Hale, The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance (London, 1993). P 83.

31 Gene A. Brucker, ‘The Medici in the Fourteenth Century’, Speculum, 32, 1 (1/1957). P 13.

32 John H. Munro, ‘The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution: Usury, Rentes, and Negotiability’, International History Review, 25, 3 (9/2003). Pp.. 505–562.

33 Richard A. Goldthwaite, ‘The Medici Bank and the World of Florentine Capitalism’, Past and Present, 114 (2/1987). Pp. 3-31. Об обстоятельствах, сопутствовавших успехам семьи Медичи см.: Raymond de Roover, The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397–1494 (Cambridge, MA, 1963). Pp. 9-34.

34 Venetian State Archives, Mediceo Avanti Principato, MAP 133, 134, 153.

35 Franz-Josef Arlinghaus, ‘Bookkeeping, Double-entry Bookkeeping’, in Christopher Kleinhenz (ed.), Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia, vol. 1 (New York, 2004). Впервые метод был описан в книге: Benedetto Cotrugli II lihro dell arte di mercatura, (1458).

36 Raymond de Roover, ‘The Medici Bank: Organization and Management’,/ошт^г/ of Economic History, 6, 1 (6/1946). Pp. 24–52.

37 Venetian State Archives, Archivio del Monte, Catasto of 1427. Я благодарен доктору Франческо Гуиди за помощь в работе с бумагами Медичи в архиве Флоренции.

38 Raymond de Roover, The Decline of the Medici Bank’, Journal of Economic History, 7, 1 (5/1947). Pp. 69–82.

39 Stephen Quinn and William Roberds, The Big Problem of Large Bills: The Bank of Amsterdam and the Origins of Central Banking’, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Working Paper, 2005-16 (8/2005).

4 °Cм., к примеру: Peter L. Rousseau and Richard Sylla, ‘Financial Systems, Economic Growth, and Globalization’, in Michael D. Bordo, Alan M. Tayor and Jeffrey G. Williamson (eds.), Globalization in Historical Perspective (Chicago/London, 2003). Pp– 373-4ih.

41 См.: Charles Е Kindleberger, A Financial History of Western Europe (London, 1984). E 94.

42 Walter Bagehot, Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market (London, 1873).

43 Цитируется no: Kindleberger, Financial History. E 87.

44 Niall Ferguson and Oliver Wyman, The Evolution of Financial Services: Making Sense of the Past, Preparing for the Future (London/New York, 2007). E 34. Мера глобальной ликвидности упомянута на стр. 40.

45 Ibid., р. 63.

46 Ibid., р. 48.

47 http://www. his. org/statisticsfhankstats. htm.

48 Lord [Victor] Rothschild, Meditations of a Broomstick (London, 1977). E 17.

II. Человек – человеку: долг

1 David Wessel and Thomas T, Vogel Jr., ‘Arcane World of Bonds is Guide and Beacon to a Eopulist Eresident’, Wall Street Journal’, 25/2/1993. E Ai.

2 Raymond Goldsmith, Premodern Financial Systems (Cambridge, 1987). Ep. 164–169.

3 См.: M. Veseth, Mountains of Debt: Crisis and Change in Renaissance Florence, Victorian Britain and Postwar America (New York / Oxford, 1990).

4 John H. Munro, The Origins of the Modern Financial Revolution: Responses to Impediments from Church and State in Western Europe, 1200–1600’, University of Toronto Working Taper, 2 (6/7/2001). E 7.

5 James Macdonald, A Free Nation Deep in Debt: The Financial Roots of Democracy (New York, 2003). Ep. 8iff.

6 Jean-Claude Hocquet, ‘City-State and Market Economy’, in Richard Bonney (ed.), Economic Systems and State Finance (Oxford, 1995). Ep. 87–91.