Глава 4
1. Martha Lagace, “John Seely Brown Piece – Screen Language: The New Currency for Learning,” Harvard Business School, Working Knowledge: A First Look at Faculty Research, May 13, 2002 (hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/2930.html [October 2008]).
2. Более широкое обсуждение физического состояния и культуры см.: Beth Simone Noveck, “A Democracy of Groups,” First Monday 10 (December 2005) (www.firstmonday.org/issues/ issues10_11/noveck/ [December 2008]).
3. Мне нравятся метафоры, поэтому я назвала свой блог «Пирамида из камней» и в нем объясняю эту метофору (cairns.typepad.com/about.html [October 2008]). См. также: “The Deliberative Interface,” July 3, 2005 [October 2008]).
4. Steven R. Pearson and others, “Method for providing recovery from a failure in a system utilizing distributed audit,” U. S. Patent 5832203, November 3, 1998.
5. U. S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Applicant’s Consent to Third-Party Comments in Published Applications and Consent to Pilot Participation” (www.uspto.gov/web/patents/peerpriorartpilot [October 2008]). В соответствии с правилами USPTO заявки в Peer-to-Patent размещаются за четыре месяца. Поскольку заявитель должен за 30 дней дать согласие на публикацию, нередко заявка остается на сайте в течение трех месяцев вместо четырех.
6. “Peer-to-Patent First Anniversary Report” (early data about the project); “The Peer to Patent Project: Community Patent Review” (further information and updates) [October 2008]).
7. Paul Broyles and Patrick Gibbons, “User-selectable, management-alertformat,” U. S. Patent 20070118658, May 24, 2007.
8. В конце первого года пилотного фазы проекта Национальный научный фонд вручил Peer-to-Patent грант на изучение влияния тегирования на участие граждан.
9. Древовидная схема была разработана Human-Computer Interaction Lab Университета Мэриленда (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemap [October 2008]). См. также: Ben Shneiderman, “Treemaps for Space-Constrained Visualization of Hierarchies” (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemap-history/index.shtml [October 2008]).
10. См.:(October 2008).
11. “Third-Party Submission in Published Application,” 37 Code of Federal Regulations 1.99 (September 20, 2000).
12. “Image file wrapper,” U. S. Patent 20070118658 [October 2008]).
13. Eric S. Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar (Cambridge, Mass.: O’Reilly, 2001), p. 30.
14. Бэйленсон – основатель Virtual Human Interaction Lab [October 2008]). Его работы можно найти на том же сайте [October 2008]).
15. Aaron Britt, “On Language: Avatar,” New York Times, August 10, 2008, p. MM12.
16. Jeremy N. Bailenson and others, “Facial Similarity between Voters and Candidates Causes Social Influence,” Public Opinion Quarterly (2008) [October 2008]).
17. Joan Morris DiMicco, “Changing Small Group Interaction through Visual Reflections of Social Behavior,” Ph. D. dissertation, MIT, 2005; Joan DiMicco and Walter Bender, “Group Reactions to Visual Feedback Tools,” paper prepared for the Second International Conference on Persuasive Technology, April 26–27, 2007, Stanford. Ее работы см.: www.joandimicco.com (October 2008).
18. DiMicco, “Changing Small Group Interaction,” p. 15.
19. WNYC, Brian Lehrer Show, “30 Issues in 30 Days” (www.wnyc.org/30issues [October 2008]). Использовались инструменты wiki, темы были определены заранее, голосование шло по результатам обсуждения в эфире. Проект был реализован в октябре 2008 г.
20. Noveck, “A Democracy of Groups.”
21. Steven Weber, The Success of Open Source (Harvard University Press, 2004).
22. Noah D. Zatz, “Sidewalks in Cyberspace: Making Space for Public Forums in the Electronic Environment,” Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 12 (1998): 149.
23. Joi Ito, “Leadership in World of Warcraft,” March 13, 2006 (joi.ito.com/weblog/2006/03/13/leadership-in-w.html [October 2008]).
24. Conference, Convergence of the Real and Virtual, May 9–11, 2008 (mysite.verizon.net/wsbainbridge/convergence.htm [October 2008]).
25. John Seely Brown and Josh Thomas, “The Gamer Disposition,” Harvard Business Review Online, February 14, 2008 (conversationstarter.hbsp.com/2008/02/the_gamer_disposition.html [October 2008]).
26. “The Group Brain Project” [October 2008]).
27. Noveck, “A Democracy of Groups.”
28. Scott E. Page, The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies (Princeton University Press, 2007). См. также: Ray Reagans and Ezra Zuckerman, “Networks, Diversity, and Productivity: The Social Capital of Corporate RD Teams,” Organization Science 12 (2001): 502; Jose Ramasco, “Social Inertia and Diversity in Collaboration Networks,” European Physical Journal: Special Topics 143 (2007): 47–50.
29. Northwestern Law School, “Northwestern Law Announces Accelerated JD, Other Proposals,” news release, June 20, 2008 (www.law.northwestern.edu/news/newsdisplay.cfm?ID=191 [October 2008]).