Berlin

Night of the Long Knives: On this, see Kershaw, Hitler, 512–522; Heinz Höhne, Mordsache Röhm. Hitler’s Durchbruch zur Alleinherrschaft, 1933–1934 (Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1984); Kurt Gossweiler, Die Rühm-Affäre (Cologne, 1983); David Clay Large, Between Two Fires. Europe’s Path in the 1930s (New York, 1990), 101–137.

"have happened here": William E. Dodd, Jr., Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 1933–1938 (New York, 1941), 118.

"streets of Berlin": Ibid., 127.

"animals I hope": Ivone Kirkpatrick, The Inner Circle (London, 1959), 90.

"enemies of the state": Max Domarus, ed., Reden und Proklamationen 1932–1945/Hitler, 2 vols. (Wiesbaden, 1973), I, 421.

"not be soft": Quoted in Andreas Dorpalen, Hindenburg andthe Weimar Republic (Princeton, 1964), 480.

"young National Socialist movement": Quoted in Fest, Hitler, 475.

"looked in their uniforms": Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind, 124.

"social deviants": On the Nazi persecution of homosexuals, see Burkhard Jellonnek, Homosexuelle unter dem Hakenkreuz. Die Verfolgung von Homosexuellen im Dritten Reich (Paderborn, 1990).

"be responsible?": Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind, 122.

close-to-the-soil values: See Stremmel, Modell, 232–241.

"Mecca or Rome": Quoted in Bergmann, Agrarromantik, 357.

"always liked Berlin"; "today’s resources": Werner Jochmann, ed., Monologe im Führer Hauptquartier 1941–1944/Adolf Hitler (Hamburg, 1980), 100–101.

a major purge: On the Nazi campaign against Berlin’s free press, see Engeli and Ribbe, "Berlin in der NS-Zeit," 940–942; De Mendelssohn, Zeitungsstadt Berlin, 324–422.

"unser Unglück": Engeli and Ribbe, "Berlin in der NS-Zeit," 941.

reverse this decision: John V. H. Dippel, Bound Upon a Wheel of Fire (New York, 1996), 132.

"last a generation"; "tightrope walking": Quoted in Deak, Weimar Germany’s Left-wing Intellectuals, 214–215.

reading the Jewish press: Dippel, Bound, 88–89, 127–128.

direct Nazi control: Engeli and Ribbe, "Berlin in der NS-Zeit," 942.

Berlin-on-the-Pacific: See Lawrence Weschler, "Paradise: The Southern California Exile of Hitler’s Cultural Exiles," in Stephanie Barron, ed., Exiles and Émigrés. The Flight of European Artists from Hitler (Los Angeles, 1997), 341–357; Salka Viertel, The Kindness of Strangers (New York, 1969); Anthony Heilbut, Exiled in Paradise. German Refugee Artists and Intellectuals in America from the 1930s to the Present (New York, 1983).

"literary subversion": On the book burnings, see Hermann Haarmann, Walter Huder, Klaus Siebenhaar, ‘Das war ein Vorspiel nur’. . . Bücherverbrennung in Deutschland 1933: Voraussetzungen und Folgen (Berlin, 1983); Hans-Wolfgang Strätz, "Die studentische ‘Aktion wider den undeutschen Geist’ im Frühjahr 1933," Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 16. Jg. (1968), 347–372.

"Jewish hyper-intellectualism": Quoted in Haarmann, Huder, and Siebenhaar, "Vorspiel," 46.

Reichskulturkammer: For a study of this institution, see Alan E. Steinweis, Art, Ideology, and Economics in Nazi Germany. The Reich Chambers of Music, Theater, and the Visual Arts (Chapel Hill, 1993).

"inner emigration": Taylor, Berlin’s Culture, 269–272.

Hans Fallada: On Fallada, see Klaus Farin, Hans Fallada ‘Welche sind, die haben kein Glück’ (Berlin, 1993); Reinhard K. Zachau, Hans Fallada als politischer Schriftsteller (New York, Bern, 1990).

"un-German" imagery: On Benn, see Werner Rübe, Provoziertes Leben. Gottfried Benn (Stuttgart, 1993).

Jünger and Nazis: see Thomas Nevin, Ernst Jünger and Germany. Into the Abyss, 1914–1945 (Durham, 1996), 75–133.

"humble Party member": Quoted in Taylor, Berlin’s Culture, 267.

"transitory wealth": Mann, Turning Point, 281–282.

too gloomy: Taylor, Berlin’s Culture, 267.

"will be back": Quoted in Hans Bunge, "Brecht im zweiten Weltkriege," Neue deutsche Literatur X (1962), No. 3, 37.