Biohazard

— vaccination for, 110, 286

— as weapon, 111-12, 113, 114

— World Health Organization and, 19, 110, 111, 114, 148

— in World War II, 114-15

Smidovich, Nikita, 146, 151

Smirnoff, Pyotr, 10

Smirnov, Yefim, 37, 41, 75, 79, 80

Somalia, 110

South Africa, Republic of, 277

Soviet Academy of Sciences, x, 23, 40, 42, 146, 154, 158, 261, 268, 295

— organization of, 302-3

Soviet Union:

— Anglo-American demarche on biological weapons and, 149-52

— August coup in, 207-22

— as biological superpower, x, 106

— biological treaty violations by, 72, 145, 149-50, 194-96

— biological warfare system of, x, xii-xiii, 42–43, 293, 295–304

— collapse of, 186, 204-5, 227-28, 241-42

— and conquest of smallpox, 110-11

— health-can-system of, 184

— history of biological weapons development in, ix-xi, 18–20, 32-44

— India and, 276

— Markov assassination and, 173-74 see also specific agencies and departments

Special Armaments Group, Soviet, 297

Special Biological Group, Soviet, 297

Special Countermeasures Against Foreign Engineering Intelligence Services, KGB, 102-3

Special Design Bureau of Controlling Instrument and Automation, Soviet, 300

SS-18 missiles, 5–8, 78 Stalin, Joseph, 34, 35, 37, 40, 101, 151, 155, 173

Stalingrad, Battle of, 29–31, 35, 44

staphylococcal enterotoxin B, 233-34, 284

Starodubtsev, Vasily, 209

State Department, U.S., 257, 282

State Department of Biotechnology,

Soviet, 276

State Technical Commission, Soviet, 296

Stimson, Henry, 231-32

Sudoplatov, Pavel, 230-31

superterrorism, 281-82

Sverdlovsk accident, 70–86, 106, 131

— Burgasov's U.S. mission and, 84–86

— casualties in, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 84,85

— coverups of, 72–73, 75, 76, 78–79, 84–85, 86

— epidemic after, 76

— onset of, 73–75

— Yeltsin and, 79, 86

Syria, 277

Taiwan, 277

Tarasenko, General, 88, 96

TASS, 72

Tatum, Edward, 156-57

Tatyana (Kalinin's secretary), 11, 12, 127, 244

Taylor, Joel, 205-6, 207, 210

T cells, 108, 289

Technical Escort Unii, U.S., 282

Telegin, Lev, 276

terrorism, 278-79, 281-82

Tito (Josip Broz), 173

Tizyakov, Alexander, 209

Tomsk Medical Institute, 29, 44

Top Secret, 263, 268-69, 272

toxins, 154

— difficulty of detecting, 176-77

— myelin, 155, 163-64, 166-67

— of plague bacteria, 165

— ricin, 173, 278

Truman, Harry S, 233

Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 277

tularemia, 175

— KA ill with, 66–79

— Omutninsk incident of, 63–66

— proposed "triple-resistant" strain of, 160-61

— sale of, 272-73, 278-79

— Soviet code for, 20

— spread of, 25, 67

— Stalingrad outbreak of, 29–31, 35

— stockpiling of, 264

— symptoms of, 25, 67–68

— testing of, 26–28

— treatment of, 68–69

— U.S. research in, 233, 278-79

— vaccine for, 286

— weaponization of, 25–28, 36, 42, 61, 81, 88, 89, 258, 281

— typhoid fever, 33, 287

— typhus, 32–34, 35,232, 281

Ukraine, 227-28

United Nations, 262, 274, 275, 278

Special Commission of, 284 United States, 181-83, 194 anthrax project of, 232-33 anthrax vaccine program of, 286 biological weapons programs of, 18, 114-15,181-83, 227-35, 278-79 see also specific agencies and

departments

United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 182,225,227,

235,26-1.":>

Unit 731, Japanese, 36, 233

Urakov, Nikolai Nikolayevich,

162-63,167,198-99, 200, 202, 212,218,221,226,235,236

Ustinov, Dmitry, 79

Ustinov, Nikolai, 123-24, 126-32, 137, 170

"V" (pathologist), 131-32

Vaccine, 261

vaccines, stockpiling of, 282, 285-88

vaccinia virus, 258-62

Valov, Vladimir, 80, 86

Vasiliev, Nikifor, 226, 229, 236-37

Vector program, 118-22, 123, 148, 170, 195,198-99, 201, 258, 263, 272, 299

— Anglo-American inspectors' visit to, 202-3

— Ustinov incident and, 126-32

— vaccinia virus research by, 260-61

— Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), 42, 111, 114, 202, 233, 279, 281

— vaccinia and, 259-60

Vietnam, 277 Vietnam War, 234

Vinogradov (institute director), 203—4

viruses:

— chimera, 259-60

— cross-border trade in, 278-79

— discovery of, 107

— enteric, 109

— genetic engineering of, 42, 234

— manipulating genes of, 260

— morbidity time of, 114

— nature of, 107-9

— new types of, 109

— resistant strains of, 281

— vaccinia, 258-62

— as weapon, 114

— weaponization, storage and delivery of, xi

— in World War II, I 14–15 see also lunin virus; Lassa fever; Macliupo virus; Marburg virus; Q fever; Rift Valley fever; Russian spring-summer encephalitis; smallpox;

Venezuelan equine encephalitis Voice of America, 220

Volkov, Roman, 183-84

Vorobyov, Anatoly, 27, 28, 117, 168-69, 186-87

Voroshilov, Kliment, 34

War-Fighting Lab, 290

War Research Service, U.S., 232

Water Purification Unit 731, Japanese, 36, 233

Watson, James, 40

Whitecoat, Project, 234

White Robes (Belye Odezhdy) (Dudintsev), 187

Williams, Ron, 228

wool sorters' disease, see anthrax World Health Organization (WHO), 19,110, 111, 114, 148, 165

World War I, 232 World War II, 33

— plague as weapon in, 20, 36–37, 72, 166, 233

U.S. germ warfare research in, 231-32, 233

— viruses as bioweapons in, 114-15

Yagoda, Genrikh, 172-73

Yanayev, Gennady, 208, 213

Yazov, Dmitry, 150, 151, 208, 216

Yeltsin, Boris, 176, 219, 242, 264