Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity

For surveys of transsexuality in fishes, see Potts, G. W., and R. J. Wootton, eds., (1984) Fish Reproduction: Strategies and Tactics (London: Academic Press); Warner, R. R. (1978) “The Evolution of Hermaphroditism and Unisexuality in Aquatic and Terrestrial Vertebrates,” in E. S. Reese and F. J. Lighter, eds., Contrasts in Behavior: Adaptations in the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments, pp. 77-101 (New York: Wiley); Warner, R. R. (1975) “The Adaptive Significance of Sequential Hermaphroditism in Animals,” American Naturalist 109:61-82; Warner, R. R. (1984) “Mating Behavior and Hermaphroditism in Coral Reef Fishes,” American Scientist 72:128—36; Policansky, “Sex Change”; Armstrong, C. N. (1964) Intersexuality in Vertebrates Including Man (London: Academic); Smith, C. L. (1975) “The Evolution of Hermaphroditism in Fishes,” in R. Reinboth, ed., Intersexuality in the Animal Kingdom, pp. 295-310 (New York: Springer-Verlag); Smith, C. L. (1967) “Contribution to a Theory of Hermaphroditism,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 17:76-90.

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Robertson, D. R., and R. R. Warner (1978) “Sexual Patterns in the Labroid Fishes of the Western Caribbean, II: The Parrotfishes (Scaridae),” Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 255:1—26; Warner, R.R., and I. F. Downs (1977) “Comparative Life Histories: Growth versus Reproduction in Normal Males and Sex-changing Hermaphrodites in the Striped Parrotfish, Scarus croicensis,” Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Coral Reefs 1(Biology):275-82; Thresher, R. E. (1984) Reproduction in Reef Fishes (Neptune City, N.J.: T.F.H. Publications).

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Paketi: Jones, G. P. (1980) “Growth and Reproduction in the Protogynous Hermaphrodite Pseudolabrus celidotus (Pisces: Labridae) in New Zealand,” Copeia 1980:660-75; Ayling, T. (1982) Sea Fishes of New Zealand, p. 255 (Auckland: Collins). Humbug damselfish: Coates, D. (1982) “Some Observations on the Sexuality of Humbug Damselfish, Dascyllus aruanus (Pisces, Pomacentridae) in the Field,” Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 59:7-18. Red Sea anemonefish: Fricke, H. W. (1979) “Mating System, Resource Defence, and Sex Change in the Anemonefish Amphiprion akallopisos,” Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 50:313-26. Lantern bass and others: Petersen, C. W., and E. A. Fischer (1986) “Mating System of the Hermaphroditic Coral-reef Fish, Serranus baldwini,” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 19:171—78; Nakashima, Y, K. Karino, T. Kuwamura, and Y. Sakai (1997) “A Protogynous Wrasse May Have a Functionally Simultaneous Hermaphrodite Phase,” in M. Taborsky and B. Taborsky, eds., Contributions to the XXV International Ethological Conference, p. 214, Advances in Ethology no. 32 (Berlin: Blackwell Wissenschafrs-Verlag). Coral goby: Kuwamura, T., Y. Nakshima, and Y. Yogo (1994) “Sex Change in Either Direction by Growth-Rate Advantage in the Monogamous Coral Goby, Paragobiodon echinocephalus,” Behavioral Ecology 5:434-38; Nakashima, Y., T. Kuwamura, and Y. Yogo (1995) “Why Be a Both-ways Sex Changer?” Ethology 101:301-7.

Chapter 2. Humanistic Animals, Animalistic Humans

1

Names for individual animals in each species, and the activities they engaged in, are from the following sources: Gorillas (Yamagiwa 1987a, Stewart 1977); Bottlenose Dolphins (Tavolga 1966); West Indian Manatees (Hartman 1971); Siamangs (Fox 1977); Bonobos (Idani 1991); Crested Black Macaques (Poirier 1964); Rhesus Macaques (Reinhardt et al. 1986); Japanese Macaques (Sugiyama 1960); Crab-eating Macaques (Hamilton 1914); Asiatic Mouflons (Pfeffer 1967); Grizzly Bears (Craighead 1979); Long-eared Hedgehogs (Poduschka 1981); Greylag Geese (Lorenz 1991); White-handed Gibbons (Edwards and Todd 1991); Orangutans (Rijksen 1978).

2