Catherine the Great & Potemkin: The Imperial Love Affair

On her return to Petersburg from Moscow, Catherine wrote to Prince Dmitri Golitsyn, her envoy in Vienna, that she wished to ‘get His Majesty [Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II] to raise General Count Grigory Potemkin, who has served myself and the State so well, to the dignity of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, for which I will be most indebted to him’. Joseph II reluctantly agreed on 16/27 February, despite the distaste of his prim mother, the Empress–Queen Maria Theresa. ‘It’s fairly droll’, smirked Corberon, ‘that the pious Empress–Queen recompenses the lovers of the non-believing sovereign of Russia.’

‘Prince Grigory Alexandrovich!’ Catherine acclaimed her Potemkin. ‘We graciously permit you to accept the title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.’¹² Potemkin was henceforth known as ‘Most Serene Highness’, or in Russian, ‘Svetleyshiy Kniaz’. There were many princes in Russia but from now Potemkin was ‘The Prince’ – or just ‘Serenissimus’. The diplomats presumed that this was Potemkin’s golden adieu because Orlov had been granted use of his title only on his dismissal. Catherine also gave Potemkin ‘a present of 16,000 peasants who can make annually five roubles a head’, and then Denmark sent him the Order of the White Elephant. Was Potemkin being dismissed or confirmed in office? ‘I dined at Count Potemkin’s,’ said Corberon on 24 March, ‘It’s said his credit falls, that Zavadovsky is still in intimate favour and that the Orlovs have a lot of credit to protect him.’¹³

Serenissimus desired to be a monarch as well as a prince: he already feared that Catherine would die and leave him at the mercy of the bitter Paul, from whom ‘he can expect only Siberia.’¹⁴ The solution was to establish himself independently, outside Russian borders. The Empress Anna had made her favourite, Ernst Biron, Duke of Courland, a Baltic principality, dominated by Russia but technically subject to Poland. The ruling Duke was now Biron’s son Peter. Potemkin decided that he wanted Courland for himself.

On 2 May, Catherine informed her ambassador to Poland, Count Otto-Magnus Stackelberg, that ‘wishing to thank Prince Potemkin for his services to the country, I intend to give him the Duchy of Courland’ and then suggested how he should manoeuvre. Frederick the Great ordered his envoy in Petersburg to offer help to Potemkin in this project and, on 18/29 May, he wrote warmly to him from Potsdam. Yet Catherine never pulled out the stops: Potemkin had not yet proved himself a statesman and she had to tread carefully, in Courland as well as Russia. This quest for a safe throne abroad was a leitmotif of Potemkin’s career. But Catherine always did her best to keep his mind on Russia – where she needed it.¹⁵

At the beginning of April 1776, Prince Henry of Prussia arrived to consolidate his brother Frederick’s alliance with Russia. The Russo-Prussian relationship had lost its glow when Frederick had undermined Russian gains during the Russo-Turkish War. Frederick’s younger brother was a secret homosexual, energetic general and clever diplomat who had helped to initiate the Partition of Poland in 1772. He was a caricature of Frederick, but fourteen years younger and bitterly jealous of him – the fate of younger brothers in the age of kings. Henry had been among the first to cultivate Potemkin. It was a mark of Potemkin’s new and increasing interest in foreign affairs that he now arranged Henry’s trip. ‘My happiness’, Prince Henry wrote to Potemkin, ‘will be great if during my stay in St Petersburg, I get the chance to prove my esteem and friendship.’ The moment he arrived on 9 April he demonstrated this wish by presenting Potemkin with the Black Eagle of Prussia to add to his growing collection of foreign orders: this gave Frederick II and Potemkin the excuse to exchange flattering letters. No doubt, Prince Henry also encouraged the Courland project.¹⁶

Just as the foreigners thought Potemkin had lost his credit, the unpredictable lovers seemed to be enjoying a little Indian summer. In perhaps the best and simplest declaration of love that anyone could give, she wrote: ‘My dear Prince! God nominated you to be my friend before I was even born because he created you to be for me. Thank you for the present and for the hug…’.¹⁷ It sounds as though they were having a secret reunion – but the painful negotiations between them continued. Potemkin’s eclipse and Zavadovsky’s rise were widely expected. Neither Catherine nor Potemkin could take much more of this agonizing limbo. The morning after Prince Henry arrived, tragedy intervened.

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At four o’clock in the morning on 10 April 1776, Grand Duchess Natalia Alexeevna, Paul’s pregnant wife, went into labour. The Empress put on an apron and rushed to Natalia’s apartments. She stayed with her and Paul until eight in the morning.¹⁸