Catherine the Great & Potemkin: The Imperial Love Affair

Zavadovsky suffered like ‘a stricken stag’ – and the Court treated him like one. He was told to behave himself. The Empress ‘respected’ him but suggested that he restrain himself ‘in order to extinguish the alarm.’¹⁰ What alarm? The Empress’s perhaps. But surely also the hypochondriacal, nailbiting Potemkin. In any case, Zavadovsky learned that, since he was not going to be reinstated, the courtiers no longer paid him much attention. He went back to his work. One warms to Zavadovsky for his diligent state service and his romantic pain, but he also spent the next twenty years moaning to his friends about Potemkin’s omnipotence and extravagance. He remained devoted to Catherine and did not marry for another ten years. And when he built his palace at Ekaterinodar (Catherine’s Gift) – with its 250 rooms, porcelain stones, malachite fireplaces, full library – its centrepiece was a lifesize statue of Catherine.¹¹ But he was not a typical favourite because, while the Empress never gave him independent political power as she did to Potemkin, he enjoyed a distinguished career under Catherine and afterwards.^*1

Catherine was in love with Zorich. Potemkin was happy with his former adjutant and gave him a plume of diamonds for his hat and a superb cane.¹² Catherine, who was to work so hard to make her favourites respect Potemkin, wrote: ‘My dear Prince, I have received the plume, given it to Sima and Sima wears it, thanks to you.’ Since the vain King Gustavus III of Sweden was on a visit, she laughingly compared the two dandies.¹³ Zorich, who liked to strut around in the finest clothes, resembled nothing so much as a finely feathered fighting cock, but the vrai sauvage was soon out of his depth. He also suffered from the addiction of the age: gambling. Once Catherine had recovered from her early delight in his looks and vigour, she realized he was a liability. It was not the gambling that mattered – the Empress played daily and Potemkin all night – but his inability to understand his position vis-à-vis the Prince.¹⁴

Within a few months, everyone knew he would have to be dismissed and the diplomats were once again trying to guess the next lover. ‘There is a Persian candidate in case of Monsieur de Zorich’s resignation,’ wrote Sir James Harris as early as 2 February 1778. But Zorich swaggered around, announcing in a loud voice that, if he was dismissed, he was ‘resolved to call his successor to account’ – in other words to challenge him to a duel. This muscular braggadocio would really bring Catherine’s court into contempt. Far from delaying his fall, as he no doubt thought, this was precisely the sort of behaviour that made it inevitable. ‘By God,’ he threatened, ‘I’ll cut the ears of whoever takes my place.’ Soon Harris thought he had spotted another candidate for favourite. Like all the diplomats, Sir James believed that it was ‘probable that Potemkin will be commissioned to look out for a fresh minion and I have heard…that he already has picked on one Acharov – a Lieutenant of Police in Moscow, middle-aged, well made, more of a Hercules than Apollo.’¹⁵

Three months later, with the Court at Tsarkoe Selo for the summer, Zorich remained in place. When the Empress attended the theatre, Harris claimed the Prince presented to her a ‘tall hussar officer, one of his adjutants. She distinguished him a good deal.’ The moment Catherine had gone, Zorich ‘fell upon Potemkin in a very violent manner, made use of the strongest expressions of abuse and insisted on his fighting him’. Potemkin refused this insolent request with contempt. Zorich stormed into the imperial apartments and boasted what he had done. ‘When Potemkin appeared he was ill-received and Zorich seemed in favour.’

Potemkin left Tsarskoe Selo and returned to town. But, as so often with Potemkin and Catherine, appearances were deceptive. The sauvage was ordered to gallop all the way to St Petersburg in the Prince’s wake and humiliatingly invite him to supper to make friends. Serenissimus returned. The supper was held: ‘they are apparently good friends’. Zorich had made the mistake of crossing Prince Potemkin, though that in itself was not decisive, since virtually all the favourites crossed him at one time or another. But Sir James had the measure of Potemkin: ‘an artful man’, who, ‘in the end, will get the better of Zorich’s bluntness’.¹⁶