Catherine the Great & Potemkin: The Imperial Love Affair

Soon a lieutenant-general, he was Catherine’s ideal pupil and companion. He was not highly educated but keen to learn. He liked painting and architecture. Unlike the others, he tried to avoid politics – though that was not completely possible – and he made an effort to stay friends with Potemkin, though that was not completely feasible either.³³ Despite his taste for splendour and his greedy family, Lanskoy was the best of the minions because he truly adored Catherine and she him. For the next four years, Catherine enjoyed a stable relationship with the calm and good-natured Lanskoy at her side.

In May 1781, there was a slight blip in Catherine’s relationship with Lanskoy. Harris heard the usual rumours that Catherine was having an affair with a new favourite, Mordvinov, but that Potemkin helped to steer the Empress and Lanskoy through this rough patch in their relationship. If Catherine flirted with someone else, Lanskoy was ‘neither jealous, inconstant, nor impertinent and laments the disgrace…in so pathetic a manner’ that Catherine’s love for him revived and she could not bear to part with him.³⁴ They settled down happily into a relationship that she hoped would continue until she died.

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Potemkin benefited enormously from Catherine’s system of favouritism. When she was in a stable relationship, it gave him time to win his place in history. During her happy years with Lanskoy, Potemkin became a statesman – he changed the direction of Russian foreign policy, annexed the Crimea, founded towns, colonized deserts, built the Black Sea Fleet and reformed the Russian army. However, by the end of her life, Catherine’s sexual career was already both a legend and a joke.

Inside Russia, the disapproval of Catherine’s and Potemkin’s moral conduct often coincided with political opposition to their rule among critics, like Simon Vorontsov and the entourage of the ‘Young Court’ of Grand Duke Paul, both excluded from power. The view of a traditional Orthodox aristocrat is expressed in Prince Mikhail Shcherbatov’s On the Corruption of Morals (published long after Catherine’s death) which blamed virtually the entire morality of the eighteenth century on Catherine and Potemkin. Her critics charged that favouritism affected the whole atmosphere of the court: ‘she has set other women the example of the possession of a long…succession of lovers’, grumbled Shcherbatov. As for the wicked puppetmaster, Potemkin radiated ‘love of power, ostentation, pandering to all his desires, gluttony and hence luxury at table, flattery, avarice, rapaciousness’. In other words, the Prince was the source of ‘all the vices known in the world with which he himself is full’.³⁵

This titillating humbug reached its greatest extent during the later years of the Empress when no foreigner could discuss Russia without bringing the subject round to Catherine’s sexuality. When the gossipy Oxford don John Parkinson visited Russia after Potemkin’s death, he picked up and popularized any tidbit he could find and linked it all to Catherine’s love life, even canal building: ‘A party was considering which of the canals had cost the most money; when one of them observed there was not a doubt about the matter. Catherine’s Canal (that is the name of the one of them) had unquestionably been the most expensive.’ Even the distinguished ex-Ambassador Sir George Macartney, later celebrated for his pioneering mission to China, who had been recalled for siring a child with an imperial maid-of-honour, degraded himself by claiming that Catherine’s taste for Russian men was due to the fact that ‘Russian nurses it is said make a constant practice of pulling it when the child is young which has the great effect of lengthening the virile instrument’.³⁶ The diplomats sniggered in their despatches about ‘functions’ and ‘duties’ and coined puns that would shame a modern tabloid newspaper, but they were usually misinformed and historians have simply repeated the lies that seem to confirm every male fantasy about the sexual voracity of powerful women. There are few subjects in history that have been so wilfully misunderstood.