Грамматические трудности перевода. Английский язык для юристов

В сфере договорного права существует распространенное заблуждение, а именно: соглашение имеет обязательную силу только в случае, если оно заключено в письменной форме.

2. Формальное It

Some people disapprove of law that makes it compulsory to fix seat belts to cars.

Некоторые люди не одобряют закон, согласно которому автомобили должны быть оборудованы ремнями безопасности.

1. It is not usual to haggle about prices in a British shop, as it is in, say, a Turkish market.

2. It is necessary to have a clear picture of a staggering amount of crime and how various classes and strata are affected by it.

3. It is felt that society cannot work if people are allowed to take the property of others at will: therefore theft is forbidden and thieves are punished.

4. People continue to rely on written agreements for years but if a serious disagreement arises they may decide it necessary to take a legal action.

5. The jury is to decide questions of fact, and it is the judge’s responsibility to guide them on questions of law.

6. Most countries find it convenient to set up separate systems of criminal and civil courts.

7. It is important to consider to what extent descriptive and prescriptive laws can be distinguished from customs and social rules.

8. In many legal systems it is an important principle that a person cannot be considered guilty of a crime until the state proves he committed it.

9. Under resolutions which were adopted by the UN General Assembly it is the duty of every state to pursue and punish war criminals.

10. The vagrancy laws, some judges observe, make it a crime to be poor, downtrodden and unemployed.

11. It should be noted that the phrase “common law” is sometimes used in England today to describe the whole body of judge-made rules.

12. In order to separate the role of the legislature and judiciary, it was necessary to make laws that were clear and comprehensive.

13. I t is a crime to drink alcohol in Saudi Arabia, but not in Egypt. It is a crime to smoke marijuana in England but not (in prescribed places) in the Netherlands.

14. For some people, the image of a lawyer is someone who leads a very wealthy and comfortable life; however, it should not be forgotten that there are also lawyers whose lives are not so secure.

15. It is the task of the Crown to establish to the satisfaction of the jury the guilt of the accused.

16. It is a basic principle of the Anglo-American system of justice that neither an act alone nor an intent alone is sufficient to constitute a crime; the two must concur to establish criminal responsibility.

There is no instinct like that of the heart.

Lord Byron

2. Слова-заместители That, Those

MODEL

The most urgent question everywhere in this country today is that of complying with the law.

В наши дни наиболее неотложной проблемой во всех уголках нашей страны является проблема соблюдения законности.

1. If a conflict arises between EU law and that of a member state, EU law takes precedence so that the law of a member state must be disapplied.

2. According to specialists the two central banks most independent of the government are those of Switzerland and Germany.

3. Many companies invest their profits in such spheres as sophisticated technologies and those giving fast returns.

4. A margin is the difference between the interest rates which banks pay to lenders and those they charge to borrowers.

5. Partnerships can be formed easily and the legal position of partners is not very different from that of sole traders.

6. Complaints from Russian businesses and their desire to see a simple and more effective tax system are similar to those of European and American businesses.

7. Ordinary Americans are much more interested in local politics than in those at the federal level.

8. The political power of the US Secretary of State is second only to that of the President.

9. The system of checks and balances is such an arrangement of government powers where powers of one government branch check and balance those of other branches.

10. Most legal systems in Europe, including that of Scotland and indirectly those in many other parts of the world, were strongly influenced by Roman law.

11. The House of Lords is considered the upper house of the British Parliament, but its political powers are much more limited than those of the lower house, the House of Commons.

12. International law comprises the regulation of relations between governments and also between private citizens of one country and those of another.

13. Private law involves legal problems which exist between individuals, in contrast to those in which society is concerned.

14. Good offices are similar to mediation in that they also involve a third party, however, the role of this third party is much more passive than that of a mediator.

15. The definitions of many torts closely resemble those of crimes.