Gulag

“Requiem 1935–1940,” from Poems of Akhmatova, by Anna Akhmatova. Translated by Stanley Kunitz and Max Hayward. Copyright © 1967 by Stanley Kunitz and Max Hayward. Used by permission of Darhansoff, Verrill, Feldman Literary Agents.

Excerpt from Prison Poems, by Yuli Daniel. Translated by David Burg and Arthur Boyars. Copyright © 1971 by David Burg and Arthur Boyars. Used by permission of Marion Boyars Publishers.

“The Statue’s Sundered Plinth,” by Alexander Tvardovksy. Translated by George Reavey. From The New Russian Poets: 1953–1968; an Anthology by George Reavey. Copyright © 1981 by George Reavey. Used by permission of Marion Boyars Publishers.

Varlam Shalamov: “Toast to the Ayan Uryakh River” and “To a Poet” used by permission of Iraida Sirotinskaya. “I am poor, alone and naked,” from Neskolko Moikh Zhizn, copyright © 1996 by Respublika, used by permission of Iraida Sirotinskaya.

Illustrations

Collection of Yuri Brodksy: photographs 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b.

Memorial Society: photographs 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 12a. Drawings by Benjamin Mkrtchyan, Ivan Sukhanov, Sergei Reikhenberg, Yula-Imar Sooster, and Aleksei Merekov.

The David King Collection: photographs 6a, 6b, 11a, opposite title page.

GARF: photographs 7b, 9b, 11b, 12b, 13a, 13b, 15a, 16a, 16b, cover.

KARTA Society: photographs 8a, 8b, 8c, 9a, 10a, 10b.

The Hoover Institution: photographs 14a, 14b. Drawings by Thomas Sgovio.

Anne Applebaum

GULAG

Anne Applebaum is a columnist and member of the editorial board of The Washington Post. A graduate of Yale and a Marshall Scholar, she has worked as the foreign and deputy editor of the Spectator (London), as the Warsaw correspondent for The Economist, and as a columnist for the online magazine Slate, as well as for several British newspapers. Her work has also appeared in The New York Review of Books, Foreign Affairs, and The Wall Street Journal, among many other publications. Applebaum lives in Washington, D.C., with her husband, Radek Sikorski, and two children.

Also by Anne Applebaum

Between East and West:

Across the Borderlands of Europe

FIRST ANCHOR BOOKS EDITION, MAY 2004

Copyright © 2003 by Anne Applebaum

Anchor Books and colophon are registered trademarks Random House, Inc.

The Library of Congress has cataloged the Doubleday edition as follows:

Applebaum, Anne, 1964–

Gulag: a history / Anne Applebaum.— 1st ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references.

1. Concentration camps—Soviet Union—History.

2. Forced labor—Soviet Union—History.

3. Prisons—Soviet Union—History.

4. Soviet Union—Politics and government.

I. Title.

HV8964.S65 A67 2003

365’.45’094709041—dc21 2002041344

www.anchorbooks.com

www.randomhouse.com

eISBN: 978-0-307-42612-3

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