Читаем Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis полностью

Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz (Ethnic German Self-Protection) 231, 242–3

Volkssturm (people’s militia) 713, 714–15, 766, 800, 808, 811, 821

Volkswagen (‘People’s Car’) 400

Volkswagen factory, Fallersleben 197

Volkswehr (People’s Defence) 714

Vormann, Nikolaus von 215, 226–7

Voronezh 526, 528

Voé, Vice-Admiral 813, 815

Vyshinsky, Andrei 689

W

Waffen-SS 47, 381, 516, 583, 596–7, 758, 787

Wagner, Adolf 40, 138, 374, 425, 630

Wagner, General Eduard 243, 409, 433, 435, 687, 690

Wagner, Frau Josef 436

Wagner, Gerhard 42, 256

Wagner, Ganleiter Josef 436

Wagner, Richard 13, 15, 16, 198, 455, 500, 513, 634

Wagner, Ganleiter Robert 323

Wagner, Winifried 198, 821

Wagner family 33, 34, 198

Waldau, General Otto Hoffmann von 309

Walter, Bruno 512, 513

Wannsee, Berlin 671, 793

Wannsee Conference (1942) 148, 491–3

War Economy (Wehrwirtschaft) 225

War Economy Decree (4 December 1939) 274

Warburg 132

Warlimont, Major-General Walter 289, 307, 356, 359, 396, 592.

Warm Springs, Georgia 791

Warsaw 59, 166, 236, 240, 264, 295, 583, 589, 647, 725–6, 756, 757, 769, 837; Uprising 724–5, 735

Warthegau 239, 250–2, 316, 318, 319, 320, 428, 471, 475, 479, 480, 484, 485, 490, 758, 759, 769, 838

Weber, Christian 575–6

‘Weekend Crisis’ (20–22 May 1938) 99–100

Wehrmacht: and the Anschlué 75, 78; anti-Polish feeling 190; the assassination attempt (1944) 699; begins the spring offensive (8 May 1942) 514; Blomberg tells of H’s wishes (1938) 50; ‘Case Green’ 88; ‘Case White’ 179; conflict with the SS 465; conscription reintroduced (1935) xxxvii, 38, 83, 87; demand for raw materials 45; directive of 21

October 1938 163, 175; discredited and disbanded xviii; and the Einsatzgruppen 241, 461, 465; expenditure 161–2; field-marshals’ declaration of loyalty to H 628; and the German-Russian non-aggression pact 205; H addresses top military leaders (23 May 1939) 190–3; H praises 432, 740; H takes over 56–8; Haider’s ambition 452;

High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht; OKW) 94, 101, 102, 287, 289, 290, 357, 381, 398, 415, 417, 419, 422, 435, 514, 534, 568, 578, 591, 618, 638, 639, 649, 672, 681, 741, 742, 747, 799, 826, 834, 835; Operations Staff 600, 601, 669; H’s ‘Basic Order’ 290–1; H’s dominance 60, 97, 284; H’s proclamation of 11

March 1945 783; H’s three addresses (1939) 167–8; H’s war directive (18 December 1940) 335; incapable of blocking the Red Army’s advance (1945) 757; incompetent economic planning 502; intelligence 582; interests of 63; and Jewish skilled workers 486; lack of plans for the war 284; the last report (9 May 1945) 836; leadership weak and divided 94, 209; loss of men (1944) 717, 723; magnitude of task in ‘Barbarossa’ 411; manpower needs 563; meeting to discuss the Polish situation (22 August 1939) 207–9, 225; preparations for ‘Case X’ 43; pushed back along the southern front (October 1943) 602; reform 644–5, 708; reinforcements cut off 643; reports of desertions 703–4; and the Security Police 467; the soldierly duty of its highest leaders 102; the Stalingrad crisis 548; Operations Staff 362, 366, 396, 408, 410, 591, 837; treatment of Jews 246

Weichs, Field-Marshall Freiherr Maximilian von 248, 527, 529, 534, 537, 544

Weidling, General Helmuth 808, 809, 813, 815, 825, 826, 827, 832

Weimar Republic 657; collapse of xlii; euthanasia rejected 254; H attacks xli; and industrialists xxxviii; miseries and divisions of xl; outrages against the Jews xliii; unemployment and economic failure 28

Weié, Lieutenant-Colonel Rudolf 825

Weizsäcker, Ernst von 90, 91, 99, 105, 111, 116, 118, 119, 121, 170, 190, 195–6, 199, 212, 225, 226, 228, 262, 264, 266–9, 306, 329

Welczek, Johannes von 109

Wels 302

Weltanschauung 129

Wenck, General Walther 759, 802, 805, 806, 809–10, 811, 813–16, 820, 825, 826

Wenner-Gren, Axel 226

Werewolf ‘Führer Headquarters’, near Vinnitsa, Ukraine 527, 531, 572, 578, 587; crisis in relations with military leaders 531–3

Werwolf 790–91

Wesel 760

‘Weser Exercise’ (‘Weserübung’) 287–9

West Africa 329

West Prussia 242, 243, 245, 247

Westphalia 429, 430, 791

Westphalia, Peace of (1648) 41, 267

Westphalia-South 436

White Rose opposition-group 552, 663

White Russia 394, 463

Wiedemann, Fritz 32, 53, 88, 98, 105, 187

Wilhelm Gustloff (ship) 37

Wilhelm II, Kaiser 10, 202, 540

Wilhelmshaven 178, 504

Wilson, Sir Horace no, 116, 117–18, 121, 223

Winkelmann, SS-Obergruppenführer Otto 735

‘Winter Aid’ campaign 38, 55, 431, 535, 601

Winter Olympics (Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936) 5

Wittenberg 810

Witzleben, Field-Marshal Erwin von 270, 676, 677, 690, 692

Wochensprüche (Weekly Maxims) 474

Wohltat, Helmut 226

Wolf, Hugo 500

Wolf, Johanna 798, 800

Wolff, Karl 149, 834

Wolf’s Lair (Wolfsschanze) ‘Führer

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Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis
Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis

The climax and conclusion of one of the best-selling biographies of our time.The New Yorker declared the first volume of Ian Kershaw's two-volume masterpiece "as close to definitive as anything we are likely to see," and that promise is fulfilled in this stunning second volume. As Nemesis opens, Adolf Hitler has achieved absolute power within Germany and triumphed in his first challenge to the European powers. Idolized by large segments of the population and firmly supported by the Nazi regime, Hitler is poised to subjugate Europe. Nine years later, his vaunted war machine destroyed, Allied forces sweeping across Germany, Hitler will end his life with a pistol shot to his head.* * *Following the enormous success of HITLER: HUBRIS this book triumphantly completes one of the great modern biographies. No figure in twentieth century history more clearly demands a close biographical understanding than Adolf Hitler; and no period is more important than the Second World War. Beginning with Hitler's startling European successes in the aftermath of the Rhinelland occupation and ending nine years later with the suicide in the Berlin bunker, Kershaw allows us as never before to understand the motivation and the impact of this bizarre misfit. He addresses the crucial questions about the unique nature of Nazi radicalism, about the Holocaust and about the poisoned European world that allowed Hitler to operate so effectively.Amazon.com ReviewGeorge VI thought him a "damnable villain," and Neville Chamberlain found him not quite a gentleman; but, to the rest of the world, Adolf Hitler has come to personify modern evil to such an extent that his biographers always have faced an unenviable task. The two more renowned biographies of Hitler—by Joachim C. Fest (Hitler) and by Alan Bullock (Hitler: A Study in Tyranny)—painted a picture of individual tyranny which, in the words of A. J. P. Taylor, left Hitler guilty and every other German innocent. Decades of scholarship on German society under the Nazis have made that verdict look dubious; so, the modern biographer of Hitler must account both for his terrible mindset and his charismatic appeal. In the second and final volume of his mammoth biography of Hitler—which covers the climax of Nazi power, the reclamation of German-speaking Europe, and the horrific unfolding of the final solution in Poland and Russia—Ian Kershaw manages to achieve both of these tasks. Continuing where Hitler: Hubris 1889–1936 left off, the epic Hitler: Nemesis 1937–1945 takes the reader from the adulation and hysteria of Hitler's electoral victory in 1936 to the obsessive and remote "bunker" mentality that enveloped the Führer as Operation Barbarossa (the attack on Russia in 1942) proved the beginning of the end. Chilling, yet objective. A definitive work.—Miles TaylorFrom BooklistAt the conclusion of Kershaw's Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris (1999), the Rhineland had been remilitarized, domestic opposition crushed, and Jews virtually outlawed. What the genuinely popular leader of Germany would do with his unchallenged power, the world knows and recoils from. The historian's duty, superbly discharged by Kershaw, is to analyze how and why Hitler was able to ignite a world war, commit the most heinous crime in history, and throw his country into the abyss of total destruction. He didn't do it alone. Although Hitler's twin goals of expelling Jews and acquiring "living space" for other Germans were hardly secret, "achieving" them did not proceed according to a blueprint, as near as Kershaw can ascertain. However long Hitler had cherished launching an all-out war against the Jews and against Soviet Russia, as he did in 1941, it was only conceivable as reality following a tortuous series of events of increasing radicality, in both foreign and domestic politics. At each point, whether haranguing a mass audience or a small meeting of military officers, the demagogue had to and did persuade his listeners that his course of action was the only one possible. Acquiescence to aggression and genocide was further abetted by the narcotic effect of the "Hitler myth," the propagandized image of the infallible leader as national savior, which produced a force for radicalization parallel to Hitler's personal murderous fanaticism; the motto of the time called it "working towards the Fuhrer." Underlings in competition with each other would do what they thought Hitler wanted, as occurred with aspects of organizing the Final Solution. Kershaw's narrative connecting this analysis gives outstanding evidence that he commands and understands the source material, producing this magisterial scholarship that will endure for decades.—Gilbert Taylor

Ian Kershaw

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