Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

108. Ibid., page 40. See Moynahan, Op. cit., page 16, for a clear account of the deposition.

109. Rowland, Op. cit., page 189.

110. Ibid.

111. Ibid., pages 191–192. See Moynahan, Op. cit., page 19, on the role of women.

112. Shorto, Op. cit., page 147.

113. Ibid., pages 160–161.

114. In October 2002 a limestone ossuary was found, allegedly south of the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. The box had actually been looted but the Geological Survey of Israel confirmed that the limestone did come from the Jerusalem area. What was notable about the box was that it was inscribed, in Aramaic, with the words ‘James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus’. According to Professor André Lemaire, of the Sorbonne in Paris, the style of writing dated the ossuary to between AD 10 and AD 70. The names James, Joseph and Jesus were not uncommon at the time: 233 first-century ossuaries have been found and nineteen mention Joseph, ten Jesus and five James (Yaʾaqov in Aramaic). Given a male population of Jerusalem of about 40,000, and assuming that each man had two brothers, Professor Lemaire has calculated that there would have been about twenty men at the time who were ‘James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus’. But, given that James (mentioned as Jesus’ brother in both Matthew and Mark), was the leader of the Jerusalem church until AD 62, when he was stoned to death as a heretic, and that Jesus would also have been well known, Professor Lemaire argues that the odds on the ossuary really referring to Jesus Christ would be shorter than twenty to one. It was very rare for brothers to be mentioned in ossuaries and, of the 233 known, only one other case mentions brothers. In fact, doubts have since emerged about the authenticity of the box, which is now regarded as a fake. Daily Mail (London), 24 October 2002, page 13.

115. Vermes, Op. cit., page 140.

116. Ibid., pages 154ff.

117. Ibid., page 26.

118. Frederiksen, Op. cit., page 39.

119. Ibid., page 135.

CHAPTER 8: ALEXANDRIA, OCCIDENT AND ORIENT IN THE YEAR 0

1. G. J. Whitrow, Time in History, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, page 70.

2. E. G. Richards, Mapping Time, Op. cit., page 7.

3. Whitrow, Op. cit., page 32.

4. Richards, Op. cit., pages 82–83. For the doubts on Babylonian influence in China, see: Endymion Wilkinson, Chinese History: A Manual (revised and enlarged edition), Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London Harvard University Asia Center, for the Harvard-Yenching Institute, distributed by Harvard University Press, 2000, page 177.

5. Whitrow, Op. cit., page 95. Wilkinson, Op. cit., page 171.

6. Whitrow, Op. cit., page 32.

7. Ibid., page 271. Moon lore is treated in twenty-three cuneiform tablets in the library of Ashurbanipal. See: A. Leo Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964, page 225.

8. Whitrow, Op. cit., page 26.

9. Ibid., page 39.

10. Richards, Op. cit., 95.

11. Ibid., page 106.

12. Ibid., page 222.

13. Whitrow, Op. cit., page 57.

14. Richards, Op. cit., page 207.

15. Whitrow, Op. cit., page 66.

16. Richards, Op. cit., page 215.

17. Whitrow, Op. cit., page 66.

18. Though it was also said that he wanted to commemorate Cleopatra, who had committed suicide in that month. Richards, Op. cit., page 215.

19. Whitrow, Op. cit., page 68.

20. Richards, Op. cit., pages 218–219.

21. Empereur, Op. cit., page 15. Peter Green, ‘Alexander’s Alexandria’, Kenneth Hamma (editor), Alexandria and Alexandrianism, Malibu, California: J. Paul Getty Museum, 1996, page 11.

22. Roy Macleod (editor), The Library of Alexandria, London: I. B. Tauris, 2000, page 36. Günter Grimm, ‘City planning?’, in Hamma (editor), Op. cit., page 66.

23. Empereur, Op. cit., page 3.

24. Ibid., page 4.

25. Theodore Vrettos, Alexandria: City of the Western Mind, New York and London: Free Press, 2001, pages 34–35. Lilly Kahil, ‘Cults in Hellenistic Alexandria’ in Hamma (editor), Op. cit., page 77.

26. Empereur, Op. cit., page 6.

27. Ibid., page 7. A brief overview of Alexandrian scholarship is given in E. M. Forster, Alexandria: A History and a Guide (editor, Miriam Allott), London: André Deutsch, 2004, pages 34–35.

28. Vrettos, Op. cit., pages 52–53.

29. Ibid., page 55.

30. Ibid., page 42.

31. Empereur, Op. cit. pages 6–7.

32. Carl Boyer, revised by Uta C. Merzbach, A History of Mathematics (second edition), New York: John Wiley, 1968/1991, pages 104f.