Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

18. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 275. For the jurists, see: O. F. Robinson, The Sources of Roman Law, London and New York: Routledge, 1997, pages 42ff.

19. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 257.

20. Beryl Rawson (editor), The Family in Ancient Rome, London and Sydney: Croom Helm, 1986, pages 5ff and the references mentioned.

21. Ibid., pages 16–17; and chapter 5, passim.

22. Bernal, Op. cit., page 230.

23. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 214.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., page 238.

26. C. W. Valentine, Latin: Its Place and Value in Education, London: University of London Press, 1935; see chapter headings, pages 41, 54 and 73.

27. Farrell, Op. cit., passim.

28. Mason Hammond, Latin: A Historical and Linguistic Handbook, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1976, pages 21–23.

29. Ibid., page 25.

30. Ibid., page 39.

31. Ibid., page 51.

32. J. Wight Duff, A Literary History of Rome, London: Ernest Benn, 1963, page 16.

33. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 200.

34. Ibid.

35. Oscar Weise, Language and Character of the Roman People, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1909, translated by H. Strong and A. Y. Campbell, page 4.

36. Ibid., page 8.

37. Farrell, Op. cit., page 40.

38. Duff, Op. cit., page 19.

39. Farrell, Op. cit., pages 54–55.

40. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 214.

41. Ibid., page 218.

42. For the authority of classical Latin, and its metres in poetry, see: Philip Hardie, ‘Questions of authority: the invention of tradition in Ovid’s Metamorphoses 15’, in Thomas Habinek and Alessandro Schiesaro (editors), The Roman Cultural Revolution, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1997, page 186.

43. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 232.

44. Ibid., page 234. Moynahan, The Faith, Op. cit., page 28.

45. Moynahan, Op. cit., pages 241–242.

46. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 234.

47. Colish, Op. cit., page 24.

48. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 239.

49. Ibid., page 240.

50. Grant, Op. cit., page 71.

51. Ibid., page 262.

52. William V. Harris, Ancient Literacy, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1989, page 19.

53. Ibid., page 328.

54. Ibid., page 32.

55. Ibid., page 35. Some modern scholars have argued that literacy – writing – made it possible for the Greeks to organise city-states and, no less fundamental, that writing kick-started philosophy and science by stimulating a critical attitude by allowing rival arguments to be set out side-by-side. Ibid., page 40. Another argument is that writing enabled laws to be displayed in public, aiding the spread of democracy. In turn, these arguments have been dismissed as ‘woolly’. Ibid., page 41. Even so, it seems clear that the vast Roman empire could not have been built without the help of writing, or literacy. How else could one man send out orders over thousands of miles and expect his authority to be obeyed?

56. L. D. Reynolds and N. G. Wilson, Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature (third edition), Oxford: The Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press, 1968/1991, page 25.

57. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 266.

58. Harris, Op. cit., page 202.

59. Ibid., pages 204–205.

60. Ibid., page 214.

61. Reynolds and Wilson, Op. cit., page 5.

62. Ibid., page 22.

63. Ibid., page 25.

64. Ibid., page 22.

65. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 263.

66. Ibid., page 217.

67. Boorstin, The Seekers, Op. cit., page 146.

68. Jones et al., Op. cit., pages 259–261.

69. As for the ‘literary’ graffiti, most had spelling errors after the first three or four words, implying that the phrases had been memorised and copied by hands unfamiliar with the orthographical rules of Latin.

70. See Jones et al., Op. cit., page 264.

71. Ibid., page 269.

72. For some of the ‘urbane’ values in Rome see: Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, ‘Mutatio morum: the idea of a cultural revolution’, in Habinek and Schiesaro (editors), Op. cit., pages 3–22.

73. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 272.

74. Reynolds and Wilson, Op. cit., page 3. For papyrus, see also: Bernhard Bischoff (translated by Dáibhi Ó Cróinin and David Ganz), Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1991/2003, page 7.

75. Reynolds and Wilson, Op. cit., page 4.

76. Ibid., page 8.

77. Ibid., page 11.

78. Ibid., pages 31ff.