Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

25. Ibid., pages 160–161.

26. Ibid., page 180. See also: J. R. S. Phillips, The Medieval Expansion of Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988, page 103.

27. Anthony Pagden (editor), The Idea of Europe, Cambridge, England, and Washington: Cambridge University Press/Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2002, page 81.

28. Ibid., page 84.

29. R. W. Southern, Scholastic Humanism and the Unification of Europe, volume 1, Foundations, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1995, page 1.

30. Pagden (editor), Op. cit., pages 83–84.

31. Southern, Op. cit., page 2.

32. Ibid., page 3.

33. Ibid., pages 4–5.

34. Ibid., page 5.

35. Ibid., pages 5–6.

36. Herbert Musurillo SJ, Symbolism and the Christian Imagination, Dublin: Helicon, 1962, page 152.

37. Ibid. See Moynahan, The Faith, Op. cit., pages 206ff, for general events around the year AD 1000.

38. Southern, Op. cit., page 6.

39. Ibid., page 11.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid., pages 189–190.

42. Southern, Op. cit., pages 205–206. See also: Moynahan, Op. cit., page 242.

43. D. A. Callus (editor), Robert Grosseteste, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955, page 98.

44. Ibid., page 106.

45. Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual: 1050–1200, London: SPCK, 1972, pages 161ff. See also Freeman, The Closing of the Western Mind, Op. cit., page 335. Robert Pasnau, Aquinas on Human Nature, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

46. Tarnas, The Passion of the Western Mind, Op. cit., page 177.

47. Ibid., page 181.

48. Ibid., page 188. See also: Joseph Canning, A History of Medieval Political Thought, 300–1450, London: Routledge, 1996, pages 132–133, who emphasises that Aquinas did not accord total autonomy to the secular world.

49. Tarnas, Op. cit., page 191.

50. Robert Benson and Giles Constable (editors), Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982, page 45.

51. Ibid., page 56.

52. Ibid., page 61.

53. Ibid., pages 65–66.

54. Ibid., pages 150–151. See Moynahan, Op. cit., page 229, for the range of views about Jerusalem.

55. Morris, Op. cit., page 23.

56. Ibid., pages 26–27.

57. Ibid., page 28. Moynahan, Op. cit., page 216.

58. Morris, Op. cit., page 27.

59. Ibid., page 31.

60. Musurillo SJ, Op. cit., page 135.

61. Morris, Op. cit., page 34.

62. Benson and Constable (editors), Op. cit., page 67.

63. Ibid., page 71.

64. Ibid. See Moynahan, Op. cit., page 302, for Lateran IV and transubstantiation. This question of intention was matched by a keen interest in the twelfth century in psychology. For example, two lovers in Chretien de Troyes’ Cliges spend several pages debating their feelings for one another. Many theological works – for the first time – examined whatever affectus or affectio influenced someone’s actions. Psychology was understood as the ‘Godward movement of the soul’. Morris, Op. cit., page 76.

65. Georges Duby (editor), Arthur Goldhamer (translator), A History of Private Life, volume II, Revelations of the Medieval World, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1988, pages 272–273.

66. Ibid., page 512.

67. Ibid., page 538.

68. Benson and Constable (editors), Op. cit., page 281.

69. Morris, Op. cit., page 79.

70. Ibid., page 84.

71. Ibid., page 85.

72. See Musurillo SJ, Op. cit., chapters 10 and 11, for a somewhat different view, and the gradual escape of the Christian imagination from St Augustine’s influence, as revealed through poetry.

73. Morris, Op. cit., page 88.

74. Illuminated manuscripts show the same naturalism and interest in individual character.

75. Morris, Op. cit., page 90.

76. Ibid., pages 134ff.

77. Christopher Brooke, The Age of the Cloister, Stroud, England: Sutton Publishing, 2003, page 110.

78. Ibid., page 10.

79. Ibid., page 18.

80. Ibid., pages 126ff.

81. Ibid., page 211.

82. Morris, Op. cit., page 283. The speed of canonisation also reflected this change. See: Moynahan, Op. cit., page 247.

83. Ibid., page 158.

CHAPTER 16: ‘HALFWAY BETWEEN GOD AND MAN’: THE TECHNIQUES OF PAPAL THOUGHT-CONTROL

1. Cantor, Op. cit., pages 269ff.

2. Ibid., pages 258–259.

3. Edward Grant, God and Reason in the Middle Ages, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2001, page 23.

4. Ibid., page 23.