Карта Вселенной. Главные идеи, которые объясняют устройство космоса

13. Karl Schwarzschild, «Uber das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie», Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 7 (1916): 189–96, translated by Salvatore Antoci and Angelo Loinger as «On the Gravitational Field of a Mass Point According to Einstein’s Theory», submitted May 12, 1999, http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9905030; and Roy P. Kerr, «Gravitational Field of a Spinning Mass as an Example of Algebraically Special Metrics», Physical Review Letters 11, no. 5 (1963): 237.

14. The conflict between Chandra and Eddington is described in Kameshwar C. Wali, Chandra: A Biography of S. Chandrasekhar (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 123–46. Arthur I. Miller’s Empire of the Stars: Obsession, Friendship, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005) is entirely about the controversy surrounding black holes.

15. Miller, Empire of the Stars, 3–15, 96–119, 135.

16. Ibid., 125–50.

17. Max Planck, Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers, translated by F. Gaynor (New York: Philosophical Library, 1949), 33–34.

18. 1 нанометр — 1 миллиардная часть метра, или 10^–9 м.

19. «Riccardo Giacconi — Facts», fact sheet for the Nobel Prize in Physics 2002, www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/ laureates/2002/giacconi-facts.html

4. Невидимая решетка

1. Richard Panek, The 4 % Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality (New York: Mariner Books, 2011), chapters 1–6.

2. For Fraunhofer’s biography see T. Hockey, ed., The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Heidelberg: Springer, 2009), 388.

3. American Institute of Physics, «Spectroscopy and the Birth of Astrophysics», Center for History of Physics, www.aip.org/history/cosmology/ tools/tools-spectroscopy.htm

4. F. Zwicky, «Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln» [The redshift of extragalactic nebulae], translated by Friedemann Brauer, Helvetica Physica Acta 6 (1933): 110–27. For these translations, I have relied on Sidney van den Bergh, «The Early History of Dark Matter», Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 111, no. 760 (June 1999): 657.

5. Sinclair Smith, «The Mass of the Virgo Cluster», Astrophysical Journal 83 (1936): 23–31.

6. Tricia Close, «Lunatic on a Mountain: Fritz Zwicky and the Early History of Dark Matter» (master’s thesis, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 2001), http://library2.smu.ca/bitstream/handle/ 01/22390/close_tricia_masters_2001. PDF

7. «Kent Ford & Vera Rubin’s Image Tube Spectrograph Named in Smithsonian’s ‘101 Objects That Made America,’» Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution for Science, https://dtm.carnegiescience.edu/news/ kent-ford-vera-rubins-image-tube-spectrograph-named-smithsonians-101-objects-made-america; and Derek J. de Solla Price, Little Science, Big Science (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), 70.

8. Dark matter particles — whatever they may be — are expected to move at low speeds and are hence referred to as cold.

9. Jon Agar, Science in the Twentieth Century — and Beyond (Cambridge: Polity, 2012), 164.

10. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, The Little Prince, translated by Katherine Woods (New York: Harcourt Brace and World, 1943), 48; and John F. Fulton, «Robert Boyle and His Influence on Thought in the Seventeenth Century», Isis 18, no. 1 (July 1932): 77–102.

11. Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. Morley, «On the Relative Motion of the Earth and of the Luminiferous Ether», Sidereal Messenger 6 (1887): 306–10. Михельсон получил Нобелевскую премию по физике в 1907 г. за разработку интерферометра.

12. F. Zwicky, Morphological Astronomy (Berlin: Springer, 1957), 132. См. также: J. R. Bond and A. S. Szalay introduced its modern usage referring to cold, collisionless particles into the literature in «The Collisionless Damping of Density Fluctuations in an Expanding Universe», Astrophysical Journal 274 (1983): 443–68.

13. F. Zwicky, «On the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebulae», Astrophysical Journal 86, no. 3 (1937): 237.

14. G. Soucail, «The Giant Luminous Arc in the Centre of the A 37 °Cluster of Galaxies», ESO Messenger 48 (June 1987): 43–44, available at http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/ 1987Msngr..48…43S