Микробы хорошие и плохие. Наше здоровье и выживание в мире бактерий

19 K. Ochiai et al., “Studies on Inheritance of Drug Resistance Between Shigella Strains and Escherichia coli Strains”, Nihon Iji Shimpo 1861 (1959), 34–46 (на японском языке) и K. Ochiai et al., “Studies on the Mechanism of Development of Multiple Drug Resistant Shigella Strains”, Nihon Iji Shimpo 1866 (1960), 45–50 (на японском языке) цитируются по: Watanabe, Eukasawa, “Episome-Mediated Transfer”.

20 В 2011 г. исследователи открыли группу генов устойчивости к антибиотикам, расположенную посреди так называемого “острова патогенности” – обширного транспозона, передающего целый ряд патогенных свойств, таких как резко усиленный синтез токсинов. См.: S. N. Luck et al., “Ferric Dicitrate Transport System of Shigella flexneri 2a YSH6000 Is Encoded in a Novel Pathogenicity

Island Carrying Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Genes”, Infection and Immunology 69 (2001), 6012–6021.

21 L. M. Mundy et al., “Relationship Between Enterococcal Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance”, Clinical Microbiology Reviews (October 2000), 513–522.

22 Robert Weinstein, “Nosocomial Infection Update”, Emerging Infectious Diseases 4 (1998), 416–420.

23 ASM News, June 2004 (American Society for Microbiology).

24 R. Leclercq et al., “Plasmid-Mediated Resistance to Vancomycin and Teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium”, New England Journal of Medicine 319 (1988), 157–161.

25 “Nosocomial Enterococci Resistant to Vancomycin – United States, 1989–1993”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 42 (1993), 597–599.

26 “Staphylococcus aureus Resistant to Vancomycin – United States

2002”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, July 5, 2002.

27 “Brief Report: Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus – New York 2004”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, April 23, 2004.

28 Оксазолидиноны не позволяют бактериальным рибосомам запускать синтез белка, блокируя присоединение к ним молекул матричной РНК, в которых содержатся инструкции, определяющие порядок присоединения разных аминокислот друг к другу при синтезе белковой молекулы.

29 Neil Woodford et al., “Detection of Oxazolidinone-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Strains by Real-Time PCR and PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis”, Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40 (2002), 4298–4300.

30 R. Devasia et al., “The First Reported Hospital Outbreak of Linezolid-Resistant Enterococcus: An Infection Control Problem Has Emerged”, Infectious Disease Society of America Meeting 2005, abstract 1079.

31 Curtis Donskey et al., “Effect of Parenteral Antibiotic Administration on Persistence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium in the Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract”, Clinical Infectious Disease 180 (1999),

384-390.

32 Curtis Donskey et al., “Effect of Antibiotic Therapy on the Density of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in the Stool of Colonized Patients”, New England Journal of Medicine 343 (2000), 1925–1932.

33 Michelle Hecker et al., “Unnecessary Use of Antimicrobials in Hospitalized Patients: Current Patterns of Misuse with an Emphasis on the Antianaerobic Spectrum of Activity”, Archives of Internal Medicine 163 (2003), 972–978.

34 “Severe Clostridium difficile – Associated Disease in Populations Previously at Low Risk – Four States, 2005”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly, December 2, 2005.

35 R. Viscidi et al., “Isolation Rates and Toxigenic Potential of Clostridium difficile Isolates from Various Patient Populations”, Gastroenterology 81 (1981), 5–9; L. V. McFarland et al., “Nosocomial Acquisition of Clostridium difficile Infection”, New England Journal of Medicine 320 (1989), 204–210.

36 Paul Byrne, “Toenail Surgery Nearly Killed Me, Jamie-Lee, 15, One of Youngest Victims”, Mirror [U. K.], August 30, 2005; “Hospital Blamed for Mum’s Horrible Death”, Windsor Express [U. K.], March 31, 2006.

37 Vivian Loo et al., “A Predominantly Clonal Multi-Institutional Outbreak of Clostridium difficile – Associated Diarrhea with High Morbidity and Mortality”, New England Journal of Medicine 353 (2005), 2442–2449.

38 L. Clifford McDonald et al., “An Epidemic, Toxin Gene-Variant Strain of Clostridium difficile”, New England Journal of Medicine 353 (2005), 2433–2441.