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2. Lean, Lean's Collectanea, I, 352; Gerhard Dohm-van Rossum, History of the Hour: Clocks and Modem Temporal Orders, trans. Thomas Dunlap (Chicago, 1996), 204; Remarks 1717, 160; Sigridin Maurice and Klaus Maurice, "Counting the Hours in Community Life of the 16th Century," in Klaus Maurice and Otto Mayr, eds., The Clockwork Universe: German Clocks and Automata, 1550–1650 (New York, 1980), 148.

3. T. P. Wiseman, Remus: A Roman Myth (Cambridge, 1995), 125; James D. Tracy, ed., City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective (Cambridge, 2000); R. A. Butlin, "Land and People, c. 1600," in T. W. Moody et al., eds., Early Modem Ireland, 1534–1691 (Oxford, 1991), 160–161; Remarks 1717, 160; Matthiessen, Natten, 18; Ripae, Nocturno Tempore, ch. 19.

4. Adam Walker, Ideas… in a Late Excursion through Flanders, Germany, France and Italy (London, 1790), 69; Verdon, Night, 81; Batavia: or the Hollander Displayed… (Amsterdam, 1675), 50; Alexander Cowan, Urban Europe, 1500–1700 (London, 1998), 138–142.

5. John Chamberlayne, Magna Britannia Notitia: or, the Present State of Great Britain… (London, 1723), 1,255; Cowan, Urban Europe, 39–40.

6. Anglicus, On the Properties of Things, trans. John Trevisa (Oxford, 1975), I, 539; Christopher R. Friedrichs, The Early Modem City, 1450–1750 (London, 1995), 23.

7. Corinne Walker, "Esquisse Pour une Histoire de la Vie Nocturne: Genève au XVIIIe Siècle," Revue du Vieux Genève 19 (1989), 74; Moryson, Itinerary, I, 41; Remarks 1717,101–104; Gerhard Tänzer, Spectacle Müssen Seyn: Die Freizeit der Wiener im 18. Jahrhundert (Vienna, 1992), 55.

8. OED, s.v. "curfew"; Raphael Holinshed, Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, ed. Charles Lethbridge (1807; rpt. edn., New York, 1965), II, 9.

9. Toulin Smith, ed., English Gilds: The Original Ordinances of More than One Hundred Early English Gilds… (1870; rpt. edn., London, 1963), 194; Falkus, "Lighting," 249—

251; William M. Bowsky, "The Medieval Commune and Internal Violence: Police Power and Public Safety in Siena, 1287–1355," AHR 73 (1967), 6; A Voisin, "Notes sur la Vie Urbaine au XV Siècle: Dijon la Nuit," Annales de Bourgogne 9 (1937), 267.

10. Matthiessen, Natten, 21–22; Gerald Strauss, Nuremberg in the Sixteenth Century: City Politics and Life Between Middle Ages and Modem Times (Bloomington, Ind., 1976), 190–191; J. R. Hale, "Violence in the Late Middle Ages: A Background," in Lauro Martines, ed., Violence and Civil Disorder in Italian Cities, 1200–1500 (Berkeley, Calif., 1972), 23; Verdon, Night, 81; Journal of Sir John Finch, 1675–1682, Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report on the Manuscripts of Allan Finch, Esq… (London, 1913), 1,69.

11. Paul Griffiths, "Meanings of Nightwalking in Early Modem England," Seventeenth Century 13 (1998), 224–225; The Lawes of the Market (1595; rpt. edn., Amsterdam, 1974); Falkus, "Lighting," 250–251, passim.

12. W. O. Hassall, comp., How They Lived: An Anthology of Original Accounts Written Before 1485 (Oxford, 1962), 207; Griffiths "Nightwalking," 218, passim; Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, Controlling Misbehavior in England, 1370–1600 (Cambridge, 1998), 66–67; Bronislaw Geremek, The Margins of Society in Late Medieval Paris, trans. Jean Birrell (Cambridge, 1987), 126, 217; Moryson, Itinerary, I, 196; Walker, "Genève," 75; T. Platter, Journal, 204; Christopher Black, Early Modem Italy: A Social History (London, 2001), 102.