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13. Benjamin Ravid, "The Venetian Government and the Jews," in Robert C. Davis and Benjamin Ravid, eds., The Jews of Early Modern Venice (Baltimore, 2001), 8, 21; Orest and Patricia Ranum, comps., The Century of Louis XIV (New York, 1972), 168; Black, Early Modern Italy, 154–156; R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950—1250 (Oxford, 1987), 87.

14. Dekker, Lanthome and Candle-Light (London, 1608); Kathryn Norberg, Rich and Poor in Grenoble, 1600–1814 (Berkeley, Calif., 1985), 44; Griffiths, "Nightwalking," passim; Robert B. Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment: Petty Crime and the Law in London and Rural Middlesex, c. 1660–1725 (Cambridge, 1991), 179–181; Luigi Cajan and Silva Saba, "La Notte Devota: Luci e Ombre Delle Quarantore," in Mario Sbriccoli, ed., La Notte. Ordine, Sicurezza e Disciplinamento in Età Moderna (Florence, 1991), 74.

15. 13 Edward I c. 4; Sir Andrew Balfour, Letters Written to a Friend (Edinburgh, 1700), 86; Bartholomäus Sastrow et al., Social Germany in Luther’s Time: Being the Memoirs of Bartholomew Sastrow, trans. H. A. L Fisher (Westminster, Eng., 1902), 172; Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 405, 163; Ruth Pike, "Crime and Punishment in Sixteenth-Century Spain," Journal of European Economic History 5 (1976), 695; Andrew Trout, City on the Seine: Paris in the Time of Richelieu and Louis XIV (New York, 19 %), 173–174, 217.

16. A. R. Myers, ed., English Historical Documents, 1327–1485 (London, 1969), 1073; David Chambers and Trevor Dean, Clean Hands and Rough Justice: An Investigating Magistrate in Renaissance Italy (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1997), 100; Elisabeth Pavan, "Recherches sur la Nuit Vénitienne à la Fin du Moyen Age, " Journal of Medieval History 7 (1981), 354–355.

17. Verdon, Night, 75; Pavan, "Nuit Vénitienne," 353.

18. E. S. De Beer, "The Early History of London Street-Lighting," History 25 (1941), 311–324; Falkus, "Lighting," 251–254; O'Dea, Lighting, 94; Paul Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland (New York, 1963), 20.

19. Angelo Raine, ed., York Civic Records (Wakefield, Eng., 1942), III, 110; Falkus, "Lighting," 251–254; J. H. Thomas, Town Government in the Sixteenth Century… (London, [1933]), 56–57; Carl Bridenbaugh, Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642 (New York, 1967), 153–154.

20. Charles Knight, London (London, 1841), I, 104; De Beer, "London Street-Lighting," 311–324; Matthiessen, Natten, 26.

21. Jean Shirley, trans., A Parisian Journal, 1405–1449 (Oxford, 1968), 51; Thoresby, Diary, 1,190; Matthiessen, Natten, 24,118; David Cressy, Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England (London, 1989), 74; Bargellini, "Vita Notturna," 79.

22. James S. Amelang, ed., A Journal of the Plague Year: The Diary of the Barcelona Tanner Miquel Parets, 1651 (New York, 1991), 86; Koslofsky, "Court Culture," 746; Lord Herbert, ed., Henry, Elizabeth and George (1738–1780): Letters and Diaires of Henry, Tenth Earl of Pembroke and His Circle (London, 1939), 371; Luca Landucci, ed., A Florentine Diary from 1450 to 1516, trans. Alice De Rosen Jervis (London, 1927), 161, 29; May 29,1666, Pepys, Diary, VII, 136; Cressy, Bonfires and Bells, 85–92.